Low power wide area network (LPWAN) protocols: Enablers for future wireless networks
Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) protocols are considered the enablers for the future of the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled networks. Examples of these networks are Internet of Things-Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT-WSNs), and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Many LPWAN protocols were introd...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-09-01
|
| Series: | Results in Engineering |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025019371 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850111618458845184 |
|---|---|
| author | Ala’ Khalifeh Aws Al-Qaisi Khaled Aldahdouh Waleed T. Al-Sit Ayat AL Olaimat Sahel Alouneh Khalid A. Darabkh |
| author_facet | Ala’ Khalifeh Aws Al-Qaisi Khaled Aldahdouh Waleed T. Al-Sit Ayat AL Olaimat Sahel Alouneh Khalid A. Darabkh |
| author_sort | Ala’ Khalifeh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) protocols are considered the enablers for the future of the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled networks. Examples of these networks are Internet of Things-Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT-WSNs), and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Many LPWAN protocols were introduced to meet the requirements of IoT-enabled networks in future wireless networks such as the Fifth Generation (5G) and beyond communication systems. Long transmission distance, power efficiency and low latency with reasonable bit rate are the most requirements of these networks. In this paper, the emerged wireless protocols, which are considered the potential infrastructures for the deployment of IoT-enabled networks such as IIoT and WSNs are presented. Particularly, Long Range Wireless Area Networks (LoRaWAN), Sigfox, Narrow Band-Internet of Things (NB-IoT), Long Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M) and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) HaLow (802.11ah). The Physical and Media Access Control (MAC) layers of these protocols, and how IoT networks can be deployed utilizing these protocols are discussed. These protocols then are compared in terms of their potential for meeting the stringent requirements of IoT-enabled networks in terms of power consumption, network topology, communication range, spectrum utilization, data rate, channel bandwidth, and Quality of Service (QoS). Furthermore, other important technical details that can act as determining factors for adopting these protocols such as Time on Air, security, and deployment cost are discussed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-88076eddbe7f419fb3e2d84a1dfb6a9d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-88076eddbe7f419fb3e2d84a1dfb6a9d2025-08-20T02:37:35ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-09-012710586610.1016/j.rineng.2025.105866Low power wide area network (LPWAN) protocols: Enablers for future wireless networksAla’ Khalifeh0Aws Al-Qaisi1Khaled Aldahdouh2Waleed T. Al-Sit3Ayat AL Olaimat4Sahel Alouneh5Khalid A. Darabkh6School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, JordanCollege of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Eqaila 54200, KuwaitSchool of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, JordanDepartment of Computer Engineering, Mu’tah University, Al-Karak, Jordan; Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, , UAESchool of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, JordanSchool of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan; Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAEDepartment of Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan; Corresponding author.Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) protocols are considered the enablers for the future of the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled networks. Examples of these networks are Internet of Things-Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT-WSNs), and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Many LPWAN protocols were introduced to meet the requirements of IoT-enabled networks in future wireless networks such as the Fifth Generation (5G) and beyond communication systems. Long transmission distance, power efficiency and low latency with reasonable bit rate are the most requirements of these networks. In this paper, the emerged wireless protocols, which are considered the potential infrastructures for the deployment of IoT-enabled networks such as IIoT and WSNs are presented. Particularly, Long Range Wireless Area Networks (LoRaWAN), Sigfox, Narrow Band-Internet of Things (NB-IoT), Long Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M) and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) HaLow (802.11ah). The Physical and Media Access Control (MAC) layers of these protocols, and how IoT networks can be deployed utilizing these protocols are discussed. These protocols then are compared in terms of their potential for meeting the stringent requirements of IoT-enabled networks in terms of power consumption, network topology, communication range, spectrum utilization, data rate, channel bandwidth, and Quality of Service (QoS). Furthermore, other important technical details that can act as determining factors for adopting these protocols such as Time on Air, security, and deployment cost are discussed.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025019371Industrial Internet of ThingsIIoTwireless networksLPWANLoRaWANSigfox |
| spellingShingle | Ala’ Khalifeh Aws Al-Qaisi Khaled Aldahdouh Waleed T. Al-Sit Ayat AL Olaimat Sahel Alouneh Khalid A. Darabkh Low power wide area network (LPWAN) protocols: Enablers for future wireless networks Results in Engineering Industrial Internet of Things IIoT wireless networks LPWAN LoRaWAN Sigfox |
| title | Low power wide area network (LPWAN) protocols: Enablers for future wireless networks |
| title_full | Low power wide area network (LPWAN) protocols: Enablers for future wireless networks |
| title_fullStr | Low power wide area network (LPWAN) protocols: Enablers for future wireless networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Low power wide area network (LPWAN) protocols: Enablers for future wireless networks |
| title_short | Low power wide area network (LPWAN) protocols: Enablers for future wireless networks |
| title_sort | low power wide area network lpwan protocols enablers for future wireless networks |
| topic | Industrial Internet of Things IIoT wireless networks LPWAN LoRaWAN Sigfox |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025019371 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alakhalifeh lowpowerwideareanetworklpwanprotocolsenablersforfuturewirelessnetworks AT awsalqaisi lowpowerwideareanetworklpwanprotocolsenablersforfuturewirelessnetworks AT khaledaldahdouh lowpowerwideareanetworklpwanprotocolsenablersforfuturewirelessnetworks AT waleedtalsit lowpowerwideareanetworklpwanprotocolsenablersforfuturewirelessnetworks AT ayatalolaimat lowpowerwideareanetworklpwanprotocolsenablersforfuturewirelessnetworks AT sahelalouneh lowpowerwideareanetworklpwanprotocolsenablersforfuturewirelessnetworks AT khalidadarabkh lowpowerwideareanetworklpwanprotocolsenablersforfuturewirelessnetworks |