Global progress in abortion law reform: a comparative legal analysis since the International Conference on Population and Development (1994–2023)

As 2024 marked the 30th anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development, which recognised unsafe abortion as a human rights and public health imperative, it is an apt time to assess global progress on abortion law reform. By mapping changes to abortion laws for 199 nations...

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Main Authors: Katy Mayall, Laurenne Ajayi, Caitlin Gruer
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/26410397.2025.2499324
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author Katy Mayall
Laurenne Ajayi
Caitlin Gruer
author_facet Katy Mayall
Laurenne Ajayi
Caitlin Gruer
author_sort Katy Mayall
collection DOAJ
description As 2024 marked the 30th anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development, which recognised unsafe abortion as a human rights and public health imperative, it is an apt time to assess global progress on abortion law reform. By mapping changes to abortion laws for 199 nations and semi-autonomous territories from 1994 to 2023 and coupling this with population data, this article demonstrates that the past three decades have been marked by an overwhelming trend towards the liberalisation of abortion laws across all regions, resulting in over 825 million women of reproductive age living under expanded grounds for legal abortion. Notably, a potential sea change has occurred in abortion law reform in the past five years, with countries increasingly liberalising their laws to permit abortion on request instead of adopting more incremental approaches. More countries have reformed their laws to permit abortion on request in the past five years than in the 25 preceding years. Yet, significant disparities continue to exist across regions. Countries banning abortion altogether or narrowly permitting abortion when the pregnant person’s life is at risk are concentrated in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, including in resource-scarce contexts where abortion seekers are doubly disadvantaged by restrictive laws and limited access to healthcare, including post-abortion care. It is critical that law and policymakers and public health authorities recognise that restrictive abortion laws are out of step with global norms and support progress towards the liberalisation of abortion laws, particularly towards permitting abortion on request.
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spelling doaj-art-87f41c54ac0b41369ead52e621fa56592025-08-20T03:53:52ZengTaylor & Francis GroupSexual and Reproductive Health Matters2641-03972025-12-0133110.1080/26410397.2025.2499324Global progress in abortion law reform: a comparative legal analysis since the International Conference on Population and Development (1994–2023)Katy Mayall0Laurenne Ajayi1Caitlin Gruer2Director of Strategic Initiatives, Center for Reproductive Rights, New York, NY, USA.Legal Fellow, Center for Reproductive Rights, Nairobi, KenyaProgram Manager, Center for Reproductive Rights, New York, NY, USAAs 2024 marked the 30th anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development, which recognised unsafe abortion as a human rights and public health imperative, it is an apt time to assess global progress on abortion law reform. By mapping changes to abortion laws for 199 nations and semi-autonomous territories from 1994 to 2023 and coupling this with population data, this article demonstrates that the past three decades have been marked by an overwhelming trend towards the liberalisation of abortion laws across all regions, resulting in over 825 million women of reproductive age living under expanded grounds for legal abortion. Notably, a potential sea change has occurred in abortion law reform in the past five years, with countries increasingly liberalising their laws to permit abortion on request instead of adopting more incremental approaches. More countries have reformed their laws to permit abortion on request in the past five years than in the 25 preceding years. Yet, significant disparities continue to exist across regions. Countries banning abortion altogether or narrowly permitting abortion when the pregnant person’s life is at risk are concentrated in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, including in resource-scarce contexts where abortion seekers are doubly disadvantaged by restrictive laws and limited access to healthcare, including post-abortion care. It is critical that law and policymakers and public health authorities recognise that restrictive abortion laws are out of step with global norms and support progress towards the liberalisation of abortion laws, particularly towards permitting abortion on request.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/26410397.2025.2499324abortionhuman rightsreproductivereproductive rights
spellingShingle Katy Mayall
Laurenne Ajayi
Caitlin Gruer
Global progress in abortion law reform: a comparative legal analysis since the International Conference on Population and Development (1994–2023)
Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
abortion
human rights
reproductive
reproductive rights
title Global progress in abortion law reform: a comparative legal analysis since the International Conference on Population and Development (1994–2023)
title_full Global progress in abortion law reform: a comparative legal analysis since the International Conference on Population and Development (1994–2023)
title_fullStr Global progress in abortion law reform: a comparative legal analysis since the International Conference on Population and Development (1994–2023)
title_full_unstemmed Global progress in abortion law reform: a comparative legal analysis since the International Conference on Population and Development (1994–2023)
title_short Global progress in abortion law reform: a comparative legal analysis since the International Conference on Population and Development (1994–2023)
title_sort global progress in abortion law reform a comparative legal analysis since the international conference on population and development 1994 2023
topic abortion
human rights
reproductive
reproductive rights
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/26410397.2025.2499324
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AT caitlingruer globalprogressinabortionlawreformacomparativelegalanalysissincetheinternationalconferenceonpopulationanddevelopment19942023