Clustering Analysis of Cognitive Profiles of Clinical Groups Using the CAS: An Examination of Japanese Clinical Populations

This study examined the distribution characteristics of the standard scores on the Japanese version of the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)’s Planning, Attention, Simultaneous Processing, and Successive Processing (PASS) scale by clustering the scores using the k-means method, focusing on clinical...

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Main Authors: Shinji Okazaki, Shiho Okuhata, Masumi Aoki, Hisao Maekawa
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Intelligence
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/13/6/71
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author Shinji Okazaki
Shiho Okuhata
Masumi Aoki
Hisao Maekawa
author_facet Shinji Okazaki
Shiho Okuhata
Masumi Aoki
Hisao Maekawa
author_sort Shinji Okazaki
collection DOAJ
description This study examined the distribution characteristics of the standard scores on the Japanese version of the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)’s Planning, Attention, Simultaneous Processing, and Successive Processing (PASS) scale by clustering the scores using the k-means method, focusing on clinical groups. In Study 1, 140 clinical cases evaluated using the CAS at University A’s educational counseling service were analyzed. The k-means clustering method was applied based on the full-scale standard scores, PASS scale scores, score discrepancies, and subtest scaled scores. Study 2 applied the same clustering method to a clinical group of 91 cases with ADHD, ASD, or comorbid ADHD–ASD, excluding those with intellectual developmental disorders or other disorders. In Study 1, a group with lower full-scale standard scores indicating general intellectual development was identified. Study 2 identified a cluster of cases with ADHD, ASD, or comorbid ADHD–ASD that showed distinct discrepancies among the four standard scores. In addition, there were no significant differences in the diagnoses across clusters. The Japanese version of the CAS provides valid cognitive profile insights in clinical settings, which can aid in planning support interventions beyond clinical diagnosis.
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spelling doaj-art-87ccc83fb42f4e139310513a64a355202025-08-20T02:21:03ZengMDPI AGJournal of Intelligence2079-32002025-06-011367110.3390/jintelligence13060071Clustering Analysis of Cognitive Profiles of Clinical Groups Using the CAS: An Examination of Japanese Clinical PopulationsShinji Okazaki0Shiho Okuhata1Masumi Aoki2Hisao Maekawa3Institute of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanFaculty of Education, Bukkyo University, Kyoto 603-8301, JapanDiversity and Inclusion Promotion Office, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Kanagawa, JapanInstitute of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanThis study examined the distribution characteristics of the standard scores on the Japanese version of the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)’s Planning, Attention, Simultaneous Processing, and Successive Processing (PASS) scale by clustering the scores using the k-means method, focusing on clinical groups. In Study 1, 140 clinical cases evaluated using the CAS at University A’s educational counseling service were analyzed. The k-means clustering method was applied based on the full-scale standard scores, PASS scale scores, score discrepancies, and subtest scaled scores. Study 2 applied the same clustering method to a clinical group of 91 cases with ADHD, ASD, or comorbid ADHD–ASD, excluding those with intellectual developmental disorders or other disorders. In Study 1, a group with lower full-scale standard scores indicating general intellectual development was identified. Study 2 identified a cluster of cases with ADHD, ASD, or comorbid ADHD–ASD that showed distinct discrepancies among the four standard scores. In addition, there were no significant differences in the diagnoses across clusters. The Japanese version of the CAS provides valid cognitive profile insights in clinical settings, which can aid in planning support interventions beyond clinical diagnosis.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/13/6/71Cognitive Assessment SystemPASS scalek-means clusteringcognitive profileADHDASD
spellingShingle Shinji Okazaki
Shiho Okuhata
Masumi Aoki
Hisao Maekawa
Clustering Analysis of Cognitive Profiles of Clinical Groups Using the CAS: An Examination of Japanese Clinical Populations
Journal of Intelligence
Cognitive Assessment System
PASS scale
k-means clustering
cognitive profile
ADHD
ASD
title Clustering Analysis of Cognitive Profiles of Clinical Groups Using the CAS: An Examination of Japanese Clinical Populations
title_full Clustering Analysis of Cognitive Profiles of Clinical Groups Using the CAS: An Examination of Japanese Clinical Populations
title_fullStr Clustering Analysis of Cognitive Profiles of Clinical Groups Using the CAS: An Examination of Japanese Clinical Populations
title_full_unstemmed Clustering Analysis of Cognitive Profiles of Clinical Groups Using the CAS: An Examination of Japanese Clinical Populations
title_short Clustering Analysis of Cognitive Profiles of Clinical Groups Using the CAS: An Examination of Japanese Clinical Populations
title_sort clustering analysis of cognitive profiles of clinical groups using the cas an examination of japanese clinical populations
topic Cognitive Assessment System
PASS scale
k-means clustering
cognitive profile
ADHD
ASD
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/13/6/71
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