Free prostate-specific antigen, total prostate-specific antigen, and their ratio associated with diabetic kidney disease: new evidence from male patients with diabetes in the United States
Abstract Objectives To examine the associations between prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-related biomarkers and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in male patients with diabetes. Methods This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2001 and...
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BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | European Journal of Medical Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02897-6 |
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| author | Limei Zhang Chengxia Li Deying Niu Shihua Zhao |
| author_facet | Limei Zhang Chengxia Li Deying Niu Shihua Zhao |
| author_sort | Limei Zhang |
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| description | Abstract Objectives To examine the associations between prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-related biomarkers and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in male patients with diabetes. Methods This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2001 and 2010, including 1,681 male diabetic patients (409 of whom had DKD). Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, race, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were employed to evaluate the relationships between total PSA (TPSA), free PSA (FPSA), and the FPSA/TPSA ratio with DKD. Dose–response curves and subgroup analyses were performed to further assess these associations. Results Elevated levels of TPSA, FPSA, and the FPSA/TPSA ratio were significantly associated with an increased risk of DKD. In fully adjusted models, the highest tertiles of TPSA (OR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.43–2.56) and FPSA (OR = 2.69, 95% CI 2.00–3.60) demonstrated the strongest associations. The FPSA/TPSA ratio exhibited a linear dose–response relationship with DKD (OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.60–2.91), whereas TPSA and FPSA showed non-linear threshold effects. Subgroup analyses confirmed consistent findings across populations. Conclusions PSA-related biomarkers may serve as potential indicators for early diagnosis and risk stratification of DKD. Further validation studies and mechanistic investigations are necessary to optimize clinical interventions and improve renal outcomes in diabetic patients. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-875b1630c87942eda2ae1af2d1ca9109 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2047-783X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | European Journal of Medical Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-875b1630c87942eda2ae1af2d1ca91092025-08-20T03:42:35ZengBMCEuropean Journal of Medical Research2047-783X2025-07-0130111210.1186/s40001-025-02897-6Free prostate-specific antigen, total prostate-specific antigen, and their ratio associated with diabetic kidney disease: new evidence from male patients with diabetes in the United StatesLimei Zhang0Chengxia Li1Deying Niu2Shihua Zhao3Department of Endocrinology, Zibo Central HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central HospitalDepartment of Endocrinology, Zibo Central HospitalAbstract Objectives To examine the associations between prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-related biomarkers and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in male patients with diabetes. Methods This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2001 and 2010, including 1,681 male diabetic patients (409 of whom had DKD). Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, race, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were employed to evaluate the relationships between total PSA (TPSA), free PSA (FPSA), and the FPSA/TPSA ratio with DKD. Dose–response curves and subgroup analyses were performed to further assess these associations. Results Elevated levels of TPSA, FPSA, and the FPSA/TPSA ratio were significantly associated with an increased risk of DKD. In fully adjusted models, the highest tertiles of TPSA (OR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.43–2.56) and FPSA (OR = 2.69, 95% CI 2.00–3.60) demonstrated the strongest associations. The FPSA/TPSA ratio exhibited a linear dose–response relationship with DKD (OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.60–2.91), whereas TPSA and FPSA showed non-linear threshold effects. Subgroup analyses confirmed consistent findings across populations. Conclusions PSA-related biomarkers may serve as potential indicators for early diagnosis and risk stratification of DKD. Further validation studies and mechanistic investigations are necessary to optimize clinical interventions and improve renal outcomes in diabetic patients.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02897-6Diabetic kidney diseaseProstate-specific antigenNHANESDiabetes mellitusSystemic inflammationOxidative stress |
| spellingShingle | Limei Zhang Chengxia Li Deying Niu Shihua Zhao Free prostate-specific antigen, total prostate-specific antigen, and their ratio associated with diabetic kidney disease: new evidence from male patients with diabetes in the United States European Journal of Medical Research Diabetic kidney disease Prostate-specific antigen NHANES Diabetes mellitus Systemic inflammation Oxidative stress |
| title | Free prostate-specific antigen, total prostate-specific antigen, and their ratio associated with diabetic kidney disease: new evidence from male patients with diabetes in the United States |
| title_full | Free prostate-specific antigen, total prostate-specific antigen, and their ratio associated with diabetic kidney disease: new evidence from male patients with diabetes in the United States |
| title_fullStr | Free prostate-specific antigen, total prostate-specific antigen, and their ratio associated with diabetic kidney disease: new evidence from male patients with diabetes in the United States |
| title_full_unstemmed | Free prostate-specific antigen, total prostate-specific antigen, and their ratio associated with diabetic kidney disease: new evidence from male patients with diabetes in the United States |
| title_short | Free prostate-specific antigen, total prostate-specific antigen, and their ratio associated with diabetic kidney disease: new evidence from male patients with diabetes in the United States |
| title_sort | free prostate specific antigen total prostate specific antigen and their ratio associated with diabetic kidney disease new evidence from male patients with diabetes in the united states |
| topic | Diabetic kidney disease Prostate-specific antigen NHANES Diabetes mellitus Systemic inflammation Oxidative stress |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02897-6 |
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