A Statistical Analysis of the Hallucination Hypothesis Used to Explain the Resurrection of Christ

Given the centrality of the resurrection to the Christian faith, the post-crucifixion appearances of Jesus to his disciples continue to be a central topic in historical inquiry regarding the origins of the Christian faith. While a number of hypotheses have been proposed for these post-crucifixion ap...

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Main Author: Gerald Fudge
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Religions
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/4/519
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author Gerald Fudge
author_facet Gerald Fudge
author_sort Gerald Fudge
collection DOAJ
description Given the centrality of the resurrection to the Christian faith, the post-crucifixion appearances of Jesus to his disciples continue to be a central topic in historical inquiry regarding the origins of the Christian faith. While a number of hypotheses have been proposed for these post-crucifixion appearances, a leading naturalistic explanation suggests that these appearances are best explained by grief-induced bereavement hallucinations. Although scholars acknowledge that such hallucinations are somewhat unlikely, prior works have not provided a quantitative analysis of the hallucination hypothesis, so the question remains: Just how improbable is the hallucination hypothesis? This paper presents a statistical analysis to address this question for some of the hallucination scenarios proposed by scholars to show that the probabilities are extremely low, even given mitigating circumstances.
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spelling doaj-art-86da0a5446c44ee8b2e7b1eaf00538f62025-08-20T03:13:45ZengMDPI AGReligions2077-14442025-04-0116451910.3390/rel16040519A Statistical Analysis of the Hallucination Hypothesis Used to Explain the Resurrection of ChristGerald Fudge0Department of Engineering and Technology, East Texas A&M University, Commerce, TX 77843-1248, USAGiven the centrality of the resurrection to the Christian faith, the post-crucifixion appearances of Jesus to his disciples continue to be a central topic in historical inquiry regarding the origins of the Christian faith. While a number of hypotheses have been proposed for these post-crucifixion appearances, a leading naturalistic explanation suggests that these appearances are best explained by grief-induced bereavement hallucinations. Although scholars acknowledge that such hallucinations are somewhat unlikely, prior works have not provided a quantitative analysis of the hallucination hypothesis, so the question remains: Just how improbable is the hallucination hypothesis? This paper presents a statistical analysis to address this question for some of the hallucination scenarios proposed by scholars to show that the probabilities are extremely low, even given mitigating circumstances.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/4/519resurrectionhallucinationsstatistical analysis
spellingShingle Gerald Fudge
A Statistical Analysis of the Hallucination Hypothesis Used to Explain the Resurrection of Christ
Religions
resurrection
hallucinations
statistical analysis
title A Statistical Analysis of the Hallucination Hypothesis Used to Explain the Resurrection of Christ
title_full A Statistical Analysis of the Hallucination Hypothesis Used to Explain the Resurrection of Christ
title_fullStr A Statistical Analysis of the Hallucination Hypothesis Used to Explain the Resurrection of Christ
title_full_unstemmed A Statistical Analysis of the Hallucination Hypothesis Used to Explain the Resurrection of Christ
title_short A Statistical Analysis of the Hallucination Hypothesis Used to Explain the Resurrection of Christ
title_sort statistical analysis of the hallucination hypothesis used to explain the resurrection of christ
topic resurrection
hallucinations
statistical analysis
url https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/4/519
work_keys_str_mv AT geraldfudge astatisticalanalysisofthehallucinationhypothesisusedtoexplaintheresurrectionofchrist
AT geraldfudge statisticalanalysisofthehallucinationhypothesisusedtoexplaintheresurrectionofchrist