Key Roles of Brown, Subcutaneous, and Visceral Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Adipose tissue is a dynamic and heterogeneous organ with distinct depots that play divergent roles in metabolic regulation. This review highlights the functional differences between brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue, and their contributions to obesity-related insulin resistance. We ex...

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Main Authors: Maria-Zinaida Dobre, Bogdana Virgolici, Olivia Timnea
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Current Issues in Molecular Biology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/47/5/343
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author Maria-Zinaida Dobre
Bogdana Virgolici
Olivia Timnea
author_facet Maria-Zinaida Dobre
Bogdana Virgolici
Olivia Timnea
author_sort Maria-Zinaida Dobre
collection DOAJ
description Adipose tissue is a dynamic and heterogeneous organ with distinct depots that play divergent roles in metabolic regulation. This review highlights the functional differences between brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue, and their contributions to obesity-related insulin resistance. We explore how chronic low-grade inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and fibrosis evolve within specific fat depots and how these changes disrupt systemic energy homeostasis. Visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) emerges as a critical site of inflammation and metabolic inflexibility, while subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) may retain protective features in early obesity. The endocrine roles of adipokines and batokines are also discussed, emphasizing depot-specific signaling and systemic effects. Furthermore, we examine emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating immune responses, enhancing mitochondrial function, and reprogramming adipose progenitor cells (APCs) to restore healthy tissue remodeling. A deeper understanding of adipose-depot-specific biology and progenitor cell dynamics offers promising avenues for personalized interventions in metabolic diseases.
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spelling doaj-art-869b8735bc8d42bd8704cc64d4a540e92025-08-20T01:56:25ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452025-05-0147534310.3390/cimb47050343Key Roles of Brown, Subcutaneous, and Visceral Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Insulin ResistanceMaria-Zinaida Dobre0Bogdana Virgolici1Olivia Timnea2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of physiology, Faculty of Sports and Kinetotherapy, Romano-Americana University, 012101 Bucharest, RomaniaAdipose tissue is a dynamic and heterogeneous organ with distinct depots that play divergent roles in metabolic regulation. This review highlights the functional differences between brown, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue, and their contributions to obesity-related insulin resistance. We explore how chronic low-grade inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and fibrosis evolve within specific fat depots and how these changes disrupt systemic energy homeostasis. Visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) emerges as a critical site of inflammation and metabolic inflexibility, while subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) may retain protective features in early obesity. The endocrine roles of adipokines and batokines are also discussed, emphasizing depot-specific signaling and systemic effects. Furthermore, we examine emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating immune responses, enhancing mitochondrial function, and reprogramming adipose progenitor cells (APCs) to restore healthy tissue remodeling. A deeper understanding of adipose-depot-specific biology and progenitor cell dynamics offers promising avenues for personalized interventions in metabolic diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/47/5/343adipose tissueinsulin resistanceobesityvisceral fatsubcutaneous fatbrown adipose tissue
spellingShingle Maria-Zinaida Dobre
Bogdana Virgolici
Olivia Timnea
Key Roles of Brown, Subcutaneous, and Visceral Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Current Issues in Molecular Biology
adipose tissue
insulin resistance
obesity
visceral fat
subcutaneous fat
brown adipose tissue
title Key Roles of Brown, Subcutaneous, and Visceral Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
title_full Key Roles of Brown, Subcutaneous, and Visceral Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
title_fullStr Key Roles of Brown, Subcutaneous, and Visceral Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
title_full_unstemmed Key Roles of Brown, Subcutaneous, and Visceral Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
title_short Key Roles of Brown, Subcutaneous, and Visceral Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
title_sort key roles of brown subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in obesity and insulin resistance
topic adipose tissue
insulin resistance
obesity
visceral fat
subcutaneous fat
brown adipose tissue
url https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/47/5/343
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AT bogdanavirgolici keyrolesofbrownsubcutaneousandvisceraladiposetissuesinobesityandinsulinresistance
AT oliviatimnea keyrolesofbrownsubcutaneousandvisceraladiposetissuesinobesityandinsulinresistance