Ensemble and transfer learning of soil inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared spectra
Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) dominates the soil carbon pools in semi-arid and arid areas globally. Variations in the SIC pool would substantially affect the atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The rapid and accurate measurement of SIC content using visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy is of high...
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Elsevier
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Geoderma |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125000953 |
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| author | Yu Wang Keyang Yin Bifeng Hu Yongsheng Hong Songchao Chen Jing Liu Lili Yang Jie Peng Zhou Shi |
| author_facet | Yu Wang Keyang Yin Bifeng Hu Yongsheng Hong Songchao Chen Jing Liu Lili Yang Jie Peng Zhou Shi |
| author_sort | Yu Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) dominates the soil carbon pools in semi-arid and arid areas globally. Variations in the SIC pool would substantially affect the atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The rapid and accurate measurement of SIC content using visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy is of high significance for the management of soil carbon pools in semi-arid and arid regions. Ensemble learning is a novel and advanced modeling approach. However, it has been applied less in soil spectroscopy, and its transfer capability has not been evaluated. Therefore, we hypothesized that the use of the ensemble technique could further SIC prediction accuracy and have a better model transfer capability. In this study, a stacking model was developed using 990 soil samples collected from the Alar Reclamation region in South Xinjiang, China. The stacking model consists of 10 base models (support vector machine (SVM), partial least squares algorithm (PLSR), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), etc.). Two strategies (hyperparameter-adjusted and −unadjusted) were used to transfer the model to other target areas including Shaya and Wensu Counties on the southern border of China. Our results demonstrate that the SIC content could be predicted accurately using the stacking models (R2p = 0.81). The stacking model outperformed all the individual models and significantly improved the prediction accuracy of SIC. The R2p of the stacking models improved by 0.05–0.21, and the root mean square error (RMSEP) reduced by 0.33–1.44 g kg−1. Additionally, the stacking models displayed superior model transfer capability. Compared with direct transfer, the stacking model with fine-tuning of the hyperparameters displayed better model stability and generalization. Moreover, the average R2p improved by over 0.09 compared with the stacking model with unadjusted hyperparameters. Overall, stacking ensemble learning is a potential method for predicting SIC with good transfer capabilities. Our results provide new tools and strategies for the accurate estimation of SIC in semi-arid and arid regions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-85f2701265db4bcc88d9c4cee705dc95 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1872-6259 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geoderma |
| spelling | doaj-art-85f2701265db4bcc88d9c4cee705dc952025-08-20T02:16:44ZengElsevierGeoderma1872-62592025-04-0145611725710.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117257Ensemble and transfer learning of soil inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared spectraYu Wang0Keyang Yin1Bifeng Hu2Yongsheng Hong3Songchao Chen4Jing Liu5Lili Yang6Jie Peng7Zhou Shi8College of Agriculture, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Tarim University, Alar 843300, ChinaDepartment of Land Resources Management, School of Public Administration, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China; College of Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaCollege of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Tarim University, Alar 843300, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Efficient Production for Specialty Crops in Arid Southern Xinjiang of Xinjiang Corps, Alar 843300, China; Corresponding author.College of Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaSoil inorganic carbon (SIC) dominates the soil carbon pools in semi-arid and arid areas globally. Variations in the SIC pool would substantially affect the atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The rapid and accurate measurement of SIC content using visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy is of high significance for the management of soil carbon pools in semi-arid and arid regions. Ensemble learning is a novel and advanced modeling approach. However, it has been applied less in soil spectroscopy, and its transfer capability has not been evaluated. Therefore, we hypothesized that the use of the ensemble technique could further SIC prediction accuracy and have a better model transfer capability. In this study, a stacking model was developed using 990 soil samples collected from the Alar Reclamation region in South Xinjiang, China. The stacking model consists of 10 base models (support vector machine (SVM), partial least squares algorithm (PLSR), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), etc.). Two strategies (hyperparameter-adjusted and −unadjusted) were used to transfer the model to other target areas including Shaya and Wensu Counties on the southern border of China. Our results demonstrate that the SIC content could be predicted accurately using the stacking models (R2p = 0.81). The stacking model outperformed all the individual models and significantly improved the prediction accuracy of SIC. The R2p of the stacking models improved by 0.05–0.21, and the root mean square error (RMSEP) reduced by 0.33–1.44 g kg−1. Additionally, the stacking models displayed superior model transfer capability. Compared with direct transfer, the stacking model with fine-tuning of the hyperparameters displayed better model stability and generalization. Moreover, the average R2p improved by over 0.09 compared with the stacking model with unadjusted hyperparameters. Overall, stacking ensemble learning is a potential method for predicting SIC with good transfer capabilities. Our results provide new tools and strategies for the accurate estimation of SIC in semi-arid and arid regions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125000953Soil inorganic carbonVis-NIR spectroscopyStacking modelModel transferMachine learning |
| spellingShingle | Yu Wang Keyang Yin Bifeng Hu Yongsheng Hong Songchao Chen Jing Liu Lili Yang Jie Peng Zhou Shi Ensemble and transfer learning of soil inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared spectra Geoderma Soil inorganic carbon Vis-NIR spectroscopy Stacking model Model transfer Machine learning |
| title | Ensemble and transfer learning of soil inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared spectra |
| title_full | Ensemble and transfer learning of soil inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared spectra |
| title_fullStr | Ensemble and transfer learning of soil inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared spectra |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ensemble and transfer learning of soil inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared spectra |
| title_short | Ensemble and transfer learning of soil inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared spectra |
| title_sort | ensemble and transfer learning of soil inorganic carbon with visible near infrared spectra |
| topic | Soil inorganic carbon Vis-NIR spectroscopy Stacking model Model transfer Machine learning |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125000953 |
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