Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcing

Abstract To mitigate global warming, reducing greenhouse gases is crucial. While ocean meridional overturning circulation, dissolved oxygen, and sea surface temperature are irreversible despite CO2 reductions, the irreversibility of ocean export production is less understood. This study examines thi...

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Main Authors: Jieun Wie, Byung-Kwon Moon
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15521-8
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author Jieun Wie
Byung-Kwon Moon
author_facet Jieun Wie
Byung-Kwon Moon
author_sort Jieun Wie
collection DOAJ
description Abstract To mitigate global warming, reducing greenhouse gases is crucial. While ocean meridional overturning circulation, dissolved oxygen, and sea surface temperature are irreversible despite CO2 reductions, the irreversibility of ocean export production is less understood. This study examines this phenomenon using CO2 removal scenarios in the LOVECLIM model. The experiment quadrupled CO2 from 367 ppm over 140 years at 1% per year, then decreased it at the same rate, followed by a 5,000-year restoration period. The ocean export production decreased in the tropics and North Atlantic but increased in polar regions. Production lagged in response to CO2 changes, being more pronounced during the decrease. The key factors include rising ocean temperatures, melting sea ice, and weakened global ocean circulation. Recovery periods can last up to 1,300 years globally, particularly in the Southern Ocean, with shorter periods in the tropics and North Atlantic. The Southern Ocean requires special attention owing to its long-term changes.
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issn 2045-2322
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publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher Nature Portfolio
record_format Article
series Scientific Reports
spelling doaj-art-85ecd9338e15492daee2ff777f3e40822025-08-20T03:42:44ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-15521-8Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcingJieun Wie0Byung-Kwon Moon1Division of Science Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Jeonbuk National UniversityDivision of Science Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Jeonbuk National UniversityAbstract To mitigate global warming, reducing greenhouse gases is crucial. While ocean meridional overturning circulation, dissolved oxygen, and sea surface temperature are irreversible despite CO2 reductions, the irreversibility of ocean export production is less understood. This study examines this phenomenon using CO2 removal scenarios in the LOVECLIM model. The experiment quadrupled CO2 from 367 ppm over 140 years at 1% per year, then decreased it at the same rate, followed by a 5,000-year restoration period. The ocean export production decreased in the tropics and North Atlantic but increased in polar regions. Production lagged in response to CO2 changes, being more pronounced during the decrease. The key factors include rising ocean temperatures, melting sea ice, and weakened global ocean circulation. Recovery periods can last up to 1,300 years globally, particularly in the Southern Ocean, with shorter periods in the tropics and North Atlantic. The Southern Ocean requires special attention owing to its long-term changes.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15521-8HysteresisReversibilityOcean export productionLOVECLIMCO2 removal scenariosGlobal warming
spellingShingle Jieun Wie
Byung-Kwon Moon
Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcing
Scientific Reports
Hysteresis
Reversibility
Ocean export production
LOVECLIM
CO2 removal scenarios
Global warming
title Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcing
title_full Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcing
title_fullStr Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcing
title_full_unstemmed Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcing
title_short Hysteresis in ocean export production owing to CO2 forcing
title_sort hysteresis in ocean export production owing to co2 forcing
topic Hysteresis
Reversibility
Ocean export production
LOVECLIM
CO2 removal scenarios
Global warming
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15521-8
work_keys_str_mv AT jieunwie hysteresisinoceanexportproductionowingtoco2forcing
AT byungkwonmoon hysteresisinoceanexportproductionowingtoco2forcing