Flowering Characteristics and Expression Patterns of Key Genes in Response to Photoperiod in Different <i>Chrysanthemum</i> Varieties
<i>Chrysanthemum</i> × <i>morifolium</i> Ramat. is a globally renowned ornamental flower. It includes numerous varieties, most of which are typical short-day (SD) plants, and the flowering characteristics of different <i>chrysanthemum</i> varieties in response to...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Qiuling Zhang Xueru Li Shuyu Cai Junzhuo Li Jiaying Wang Yanfei Li Silan Dai |
| author_facet | Qiuling Zhang Xueru Li Shuyu Cai Junzhuo Li Jiaying Wang Yanfei Li Silan Dai |
| author_sort | Qiuling Zhang |
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| description | <i>Chrysanthemum</i> × <i>morifolium</i> Ramat. is a globally renowned ornamental flower. It includes numerous varieties, most of which are typical short-day (SD) plants, and the flowering characteristics of different <i>chrysanthemum</i> varieties in response to the photoperiod vary greatly. In this study, seven representative <i>chrysanthemum</i> varieties were selected for a comparative analysis of flowering traits under long-day conditions (16 h/8 h day/night) and short-day conditions (12 h/12 h day/night). It was found that three varieties (‘A44’, ‘C60’, and ‘183’) belonged to obligatory short-day varieties and four varieties (‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’) belonged to facultative short-day varieties. The short-day conditions not only induced earlier flowering but also improved flowering quality in the facultative SD varieties. Different <i>chrysanthemum</i> varieties required different light conditions to complete the vegetative stage and reach the floral competent state. Seven <i>chrysanthemum</i> varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time. The expression patterns of key floral genes in the photoperiod pathway were analyzed and it was found that <i>CmCRY1</i>, <i>CmCRY2</i>, <i>CmGI1</i>, <i>CmGI2</i>, and <i>CmCO</i> were mainly expressed in leaves. Then, comparing the expression levels of these genes under LD and SD conditions, the expression of <i>CmGI1</i>, <i>CmGI2</i>, <i>CmCO</i>, and <i>CmFTL</i> were not significantly induced in the obligatory SD varieties, while the expression of them in the facultative SD varieties were induced by SD conditions. This may be the reason why the facultative varieties could respond to SD conditions more quickly to complete the floral transition. In addition, SD induction under different photoperiodic conditions and growth states resulted in differences in the phenotype of flowering. This result provides guidance for the artificial regulation of <i>chrysanthemum</i> flowering and improvement of ornamental quality, as well as clues for analyzing the flowering mechanism of <i>chrysanthemums</i> under different photoperiod conditions. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-85db11ae1fb74eb5b0db699dae97bf5e2025-01-24T13:34:26ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242024-12-01111510.3390/horticulturae11010005Flowering Characteristics and Expression Patterns of Key Genes in Response to Photoperiod in Different <i>Chrysanthemum</i> VarietiesQiuling Zhang0Xueru Li1Shuyu Cai2Junzhuo Li3Jiaying Wang4Yanfei Li5Silan Dai6Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China<i>Chrysanthemum</i> × <i>morifolium</i> Ramat. is a globally renowned ornamental flower. It includes numerous varieties, most of which are typical short-day (SD) plants, and the flowering characteristics of different <i>chrysanthemum</i> varieties in response to the photoperiod vary greatly. In this study, seven representative <i>chrysanthemum</i> varieties were selected for a comparative analysis of flowering traits under long-day conditions (16 h/8 h day/night) and short-day conditions (12 h/12 h day/night). It was found that three varieties (‘A44’, ‘C60’, and ‘183’) belonged to obligatory short-day varieties and four varieties (‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’) belonged to facultative short-day varieties. The short-day conditions not only induced earlier flowering but also improved flowering quality in the facultative SD varieties. Different <i>chrysanthemum</i> varieties required different light conditions to complete the vegetative stage and reach the floral competent state. Seven <i>chrysanthemum</i> varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time. The expression patterns of key floral genes in the photoperiod pathway were analyzed and it was found that <i>CmCRY1</i>, <i>CmCRY2</i>, <i>CmGI1</i>, <i>CmGI2</i>, and <i>CmCO</i> were mainly expressed in leaves. Then, comparing the expression levels of these genes under LD and SD conditions, the expression of <i>CmGI1</i>, <i>CmGI2</i>, <i>CmCO</i>, and <i>CmFTL</i> were not significantly induced in the obligatory SD varieties, while the expression of them in the facultative SD varieties were induced by SD conditions. This may be the reason why the facultative varieties could respond to SD conditions more quickly to complete the floral transition. In addition, SD induction under different photoperiodic conditions and growth states resulted in differences in the phenotype of flowering. This result provides guidance for the artificial regulation of <i>chrysanthemum</i> flowering and improvement of ornamental quality, as well as clues for analyzing the flowering mechanism of <i>chrysanthemums</i> under different photoperiod conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/1/5<i>chrysanthemum</i>flowering timephotoperiodfloral genesflowering quality |
| spellingShingle | Qiuling Zhang Xueru Li Shuyu Cai Junzhuo Li Jiaying Wang Yanfei Li Silan Dai Flowering Characteristics and Expression Patterns of Key Genes in Response to Photoperiod in Different <i>Chrysanthemum</i> Varieties Horticulturae <i>chrysanthemum</i> flowering time photoperiod floral genes flowering quality |
| title | Flowering Characteristics and Expression Patterns of Key Genes in Response to Photoperiod in Different <i>Chrysanthemum</i> Varieties |
| title_full | Flowering Characteristics and Expression Patterns of Key Genes in Response to Photoperiod in Different <i>Chrysanthemum</i> Varieties |
| title_fullStr | Flowering Characteristics and Expression Patterns of Key Genes in Response to Photoperiod in Different <i>Chrysanthemum</i> Varieties |
| title_full_unstemmed | Flowering Characteristics and Expression Patterns of Key Genes in Response to Photoperiod in Different <i>Chrysanthemum</i> Varieties |
| title_short | Flowering Characteristics and Expression Patterns of Key Genes in Response to Photoperiod in Different <i>Chrysanthemum</i> Varieties |
| title_sort | flowering characteristics and expression patterns of key genes in response to photoperiod in different i chrysanthemum i varieties |
| topic | <i>chrysanthemum</i> flowering time photoperiod floral genes flowering quality |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/1/5 |
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