Radio propagation modeling and measurement of uneven terrain model
Abstract Conventionally, when propagation modeling is conducted for a specific environment, the ground surface is oftentimes treated as a flat one even if the surface profile undulates moderately. This is especially common across various commercial propagation prediction tools, which treat the groun...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00958-8 |
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| _version_ | 1849766187957747712 |
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| author | Qi-Ping Soo Soo-Yong Lim Pei-Song Chee Eng-Hock Lim Kian-Meng Yap |
| author_facet | Qi-Ping Soo Soo-Yong Lim Pei-Song Chee Eng-Hock Lim Kian-Meng Yap |
| author_sort | Qi-Ping Soo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Conventionally, when propagation modeling is conducted for a specific environment, the ground surface is oftentimes treated as a flat one even if the surface profile undulates moderately. This is especially common across various commercial propagation prediction tools, which treat the ground to be a flat surface whenever possible, because doing so will simplify the whole propagation modeling process. However, in cases when the ground surface is not flat in the upfront, special efforts should be made to model the ground surface as it is so that the model can retain the precision results of propagation prediction. In this work, we present a physical representation of terrain irregularities constructed using common materials, acknowledging the electromagnetic limitations of these materials compared to actual ground and building materials. Propagation measurements were conducted at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz and 24 GHz, and the results are compared against our in-house ray-tracing simulation that has incorporated an integrated scattering factor. The results for 900 MHz are useful for understanding the UHF RFID propagation. Additionally, for all four frequencies, we have further engaged the CST Studio Suite for generating ray-tracing results. The outcome of this work is applicable to places with an uneven terrain, such as a cave. This work also establishes a foundation for future properly scaled models that maintain the relationship between model dimensions and measurement frequencies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-85751c08bf4e4e85a17dc99b4615d0dd |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-85751c08bf4e4e85a17dc99b4615d0dd2025-08-20T03:04:39ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111610.1038/s41598-025-00958-8Radio propagation modeling and measurement of uneven terrain modelQi-Ping Soo0Soo-Yong Lim1Pei-Song Chee2Eng-Hock Lim3Kian-Meng Yap4Centre for Communication Systems and Networks, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia CampusCentre for Communication Systems and Networks, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanCentre for Communication Systems and Networks, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanSchool of Science and Technology, Sunway UniversityAbstract Conventionally, when propagation modeling is conducted for a specific environment, the ground surface is oftentimes treated as a flat one even if the surface profile undulates moderately. This is especially common across various commercial propagation prediction tools, which treat the ground to be a flat surface whenever possible, because doing so will simplify the whole propagation modeling process. However, in cases when the ground surface is not flat in the upfront, special efforts should be made to model the ground surface as it is so that the model can retain the precision results of propagation prediction. In this work, we present a physical representation of terrain irregularities constructed using common materials, acknowledging the electromagnetic limitations of these materials compared to actual ground and building materials. Propagation measurements were conducted at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz and 24 GHz, and the results are compared against our in-house ray-tracing simulation that has incorporated an integrated scattering factor. The results for 900 MHz are useful for understanding the UHF RFID propagation. Additionally, for all four frequencies, we have further engaged the CST Studio Suite for generating ray-tracing results. The outcome of this work is applicable to places with an uneven terrain, such as a cave. This work also establishes a foundation for future properly scaled models that maintain the relationship between model dimensions and measurement frequencies.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00958-8 |
| spellingShingle | Qi-Ping Soo Soo-Yong Lim Pei-Song Chee Eng-Hock Lim Kian-Meng Yap Radio propagation modeling and measurement of uneven terrain model Scientific Reports |
| title | Radio propagation modeling and measurement of uneven terrain model |
| title_full | Radio propagation modeling and measurement of uneven terrain model |
| title_fullStr | Radio propagation modeling and measurement of uneven terrain model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Radio propagation modeling and measurement of uneven terrain model |
| title_short | Radio propagation modeling and measurement of uneven terrain model |
| title_sort | radio propagation modeling and measurement of uneven terrain model |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00958-8 |
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