A review of cell death pathways in hemorrhagic stroke

Hemorrhagic stroke is a debilitating neurological disease, affecting millions worldwide. Characterized by bleeding in the brain, it is caused by a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and causes damage through the presence of iron in the brain, immune activation and increased intracranial pres...

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Main Authors: John H. Rinald, Carol M. Troy
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-04-01
Series:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2025.1570569/full
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author John H. Rinald
Carol M. Troy
Carol M. Troy
Carol M. Troy
author_facet John H. Rinald
Carol M. Troy
Carol M. Troy
Carol M. Troy
author_sort John H. Rinald
collection DOAJ
description Hemorrhagic stroke is a debilitating neurological disease, affecting millions worldwide. Characterized by bleeding in the brain, it is caused by a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and causes damage through the presence of iron in the brain, immune activation and increased intracranial pressure. The goal of this mini-review is to explore the signaling pathways that lead to cell death that are a part of disease progression in hemorrhagic stroke. This mini-review will highlight clinical observations and data, while also incorporating findings using preclinical disease models. There are important roles for apoptosis, necroptosis, necrosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis in hemorrhagic stroke. Recent work has highlighted the interplay between these phenomena, providing key regulators as potential therapeutic targets, including reactive oxygen species, iron metabolism, and caspases. Therapeutic strategies that can delay or counteract the cytotoxic effects of hemorrhage can improve clinical outcomes in hemorrhagic stroke patients.
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spelling doaj-art-84ffa3f6699d4359b73ef740fb5b41e12025-08-20T02:29:46ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology2296-634X2025-04-011310.3389/fcell.2025.15705691570569A review of cell death pathways in hemorrhagic strokeJohn H. Rinald0Carol M. Troy1Carol M. Troy2Carol M. Troy3Neurobiology and Behavior PhD Program, Columbia University, New York, NY, United StatesDepartment of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United StatesThe Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United StatesHemorrhagic stroke is a debilitating neurological disease, affecting millions worldwide. Characterized by bleeding in the brain, it is caused by a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and causes damage through the presence of iron in the brain, immune activation and increased intracranial pressure. The goal of this mini-review is to explore the signaling pathways that lead to cell death that are a part of disease progression in hemorrhagic stroke. This mini-review will highlight clinical observations and data, while also incorporating findings using preclinical disease models. There are important roles for apoptosis, necroptosis, necrosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis in hemorrhagic stroke. Recent work has highlighted the interplay between these phenomena, providing key regulators as potential therapeutic targets, including reactive oxygen species, iron metabolism, and caspases. Therapeutic strategies that can delay or counteract the cytotoxic effects of hemorrhage can improve clinical outcomes in hemorrhagic stroke patients.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2025.1570569/fullhemorrhagic strokecell deathapoptosisinflammationneurovascular diseasecaspases
spellingShingle John H. Rinald
Carol M. Troy
Carol M. Troy
Carol M. Troy
A review of cell death pathways in hemorrhagic stroke
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
hemorrhagic stroke
cell death
apoptosis
inflammation
neurovascular disease
caspases
title A review of cell death pathways in hemorrhagic stroke
title_full A review of cell death pathways in hemorrhagic stroke
title_fullStr A review of cell death pathways in hemorrhagic stroke
title_full_unstemmed A review of cell death pathways in hemorrhagic stroke
title_short A review of cell death pathways in hemorrhagic stroke
title_sort review of cell death pathways in hemorrhagic stroke
topic hemorrhagic stroke
cell death
apoptosis
inflammation
neurovascular disease
caspases
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2025.1570569/full
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