Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in Peru
Background: Recent studies have demonstrated the long-term mortality risk in COVID-19 survivors. However, the risk factors for mid- and long-term mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization in the Peruvian population are unknown. We evaluated risk factors associated with mid- and long-term mortality af...
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136225000257 |
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| author | Max Carlos Ramírez-Soto Hugo Arroyo-Hernández |
| author_facet | Max Carlos Ramírez-Soto Hugo Arroyo-Hernández |
| author_sort | Max Carlos Ramírez-Soto |
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| description | Background: Recent studies have demonstrated the long-term mortality risk in COVID-19 survivors. However, the risk factors for mid- and long-term mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization in the Peruvian population are unknown. We evaluated risk factors associated with mid- and long-term mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study in survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection discharged from hospital during 2020–2023, using open data from the Ministerio de Salud, Peru. The main outcome measures were mortality among all survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection at mid-term (61 to 364 days after hospital discharge) and long-term (≥1 year after hospital discharge). Results: Of the 97,249 COVID-19 survivors who were discharged from hospital, 523 patients died within 61 to 364 days of discharge and 219 patients died after 1 year or more since they were discharged. The older age (adjusted ratio hazards [aHR], 3.46; 95 % CI, 2.87–4.17; p < 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 3.48; 95 % CI, 2.63–4.61; p < 0.001 to long-term), oxygen support (aHR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.30–2.07; p < 0.001 to mid-term), and the hospitalization stay of 4 to 9 days (aHR, 1.54; 95 % CI, 1.18–2.00; p = 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.04–2.58; p = 0.034 to long-term) and ≥ 10 days (aHR, 2.44; 95 % CI, 1.89–3.17; p < 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 2.98; 95 % CI, 1.89–4.68; p < 0.001 to long-term) were associated with increased mortality risk. Compared with the unvaccinated, administration of 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine before or after hospitalization was associated with a reduced risk of death in the mid- and/or long-term. Conclusion: Although older age and longer hospital stay were associated with an increased risk of death after COVID-19 hospitalization in the mid- and long-term, and oxygen support increased the risk of death in the mid-term, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 reduced the risk of death. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-84db897cdd2e4b45b0c9229769b95db8 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2590-1362 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-84db897cdd2e4b45b0c9229769b95db82025-08-20T02:30:58ZengElsevierVaccine: X2590-13622025-06-012410063110.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100631Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in PeruMax Carlos Ramírez-Soto0Hugo Arroyo-Hernández1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica del Peru, Lima, Peru; Corresponding author.Dirección de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, PeruBackground: Recent studies have demonstrated the long-term mortality risk in COVID-19 survivors. However, the risk factors for mid- and long-term mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization in the Peruvian population are unknown. We evaluated risk factors associated with mid- and long-term mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study in survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection discharged from hospital during 2020–2023, using open data from the Ministerio de Salud, Peru. The main outcome measures were mortality among all survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection at mid-term (61 to 364 days after hospital discharge) and long-term (≥1 year after hospital discharge). Results: Of the 97,249 COVID-19 survivors who were discharged from hospital, 523 patients died within 61 to 364 days of discharge and 219 patients died after 1 year or more since they were discharged. The older age (adjusted ratio hazards [aHR], 3.46; 95 % CI, 2.87–4.17; p < 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 3.48; 95 % CI, 2.63–4.61; p < 0.001 to long-term), oxygen support (aHR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.30–2.07; p < 0.001 to mid-term), and the hospitalization stay of 4 to 9 days (aHR, 1.54; 95 % CI, 1.18–2.00; p = 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.04–2.58; p = 0.034 to long-term) and ≥ 10 days (aHR, 2.44; 95 % CI, 1.89–3.17; p < 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 2.98; 95 % CI, 1.89–4.68; p < 0.001 to long-term) were associated with increased mortality risk. Compared with the unvaccinated, administration of 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine before or after hospitalization was associated with a reduced risk of death in the mid- and/or long-term. Conclusion: Although older age and longer hospital stay were associated with an increased risk of death after COVID-19 hospitalization in the mid- and long-term, and oxygen support increased the risk of death in the mid-term, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 reduced the risk of death.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136225000257COVID-19COVID-19 survivorsSARS-CoV-2 infectionMortalitySARS-CoV-2 vaccination |
| spellingShingle | Max Carlos Ramírez-Soto Hugo Arroyo-Hernández Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in Peru Vaccine: X COVID-19 COVID-19 survivors SARS-CoV-2 infection Mortality SARS-CoV-2 vaccination |
| title | Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in Peru |
| title_full | Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in Peru |
| title_fullStr | Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in Peru |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in Peru |
| title_short | Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in Peru |
| title_sort | mid and long term mortality risk factors after covid 19 hospitalization a retrospective observational study in peru |
| topic | COVID-19 COVID-19 survivors SARS-CoV-2 infection Mortality SARS-CoV-2 vaccination |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136225000257 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT maxcarlosramirezsoto midandlongtermmortalityriskfactorsaftercovid19hospitalizationaretrospectiveobservationalstudyinperu AT hugoarroyohernandez midandlongtermmortalityriskfactorsaftercovid19hospitalizationaretrospectiveobservationalstudyinperu |