Advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome: insights into HRS-AKI and liver transplantation
In hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI), accurate and early diagnosis is crucial. HRS is a severe condition seen in advanced cirrhosis, requiring prompt recognition and proper management to enhance patient outcomes. Diagnosis of HRS-AKI relies on serum creatinine elevations, similar to...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2023-10-01
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| Series: | eGastroenterology |
| Online Access: | https://egastroenterology.bmj.com/content/1/2/e100009.full |
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| author | Luis Antonio Díaz Mohammad Qasim Khan David Hudson Juan Pablo Arab Jorge Arnold Eduardo Avila Francisco Idalsoaga María Ayala Valverde Gustavo Ayares Marco Arrese Eric Roessler Juan Pablo Huidobro |
| author_facet | Luis Antonio Díaz Mohammad Qasim Khan David Hudson Juan Pablo Arab Jorge Arnold Eduardo Avila Francisco Idalsoaga María Ayala Valverde Gustavo Ayares Marco Arrese Eric Roessler Juan Pablo Huidobro |
| author_sort | Luis Antonio Díaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI), accurate and early diagnosis is crucial. HRS is a severe condition seen in advanced cirrhosis, requiring prompt recognition and proper management to enhance patient outcomes. Diagnosis of HRS-AKI relies on serum creatinine elevations, similar to other AKI cases in cirrhosis. However, distinguishing HRS-AKI from other renal impairments in these patients can be challenging. Biomarkers and clinical criteria aid in diagnosis and guide treatment. The management of HRS-AKI initially involves improving the haemodynamic profile using albumin and vasoconstrictors like terlipressin, a synthetic vasopressin analogue. Despite some reports linking terlipressin to increased adverse events compared with norepinephrine, it remains the preferred choice in HRS-AKI and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to its faster, stronger response and improved survival. Additional therapies like midodrine (alpha-1 adrenergic agonist), octreotide (somatostatin analogue) and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt are proposed as adjuvant treatments for HRS-AKI, aiming to improve vasoconstriction and renal blood flow. However, these adjunctive therapies cannot replace the definitive treatment for HRS-AKI—liver transplantation (LT). In cases unresponsive to medical management, LT is the only option to restore liver function and improve renal outcomes. Current evidence favours combined liver and kidney transplantation (CLKT) in certain situations. This review aims to evaluate the present evidence and recommendations on AKI in patients with cirrhosis, the pathophysiology of HRS-AKI, different treatments and indications for LT and CLKT. Understanding the complexities of managing HRS-AKI is crucial for optimising patient care and achieving better outcomes in this challenging clinical setting. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-845c404098aa477bb698d07d123a7f65 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2766-0125 2976-7296 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | eGastroenterology |
| spelling | doaj-art-845c404098aa477bb698d07d123a7f652025-08-20T02:00:17ZengBMJ Publishing GroupeGastroenterology2766-01252976-72962023-10-011210.1136/egastro-2023-100009Advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome: insights into HRS-AKI and liver transplantationLuis Antonio Díaz0Mohammad Qasim Khan1David Hudson2Juan Pablo Arab3Jorge Arnold4Eduardo Avila5Francisco Idalsoaga6María Ayala Valverde7Gustavo Ayares8Marco Arrese9Eric Roessler10Juan Pablo Huidobro111 Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile4 Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada4 Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada1 Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile1 Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile2 Departamento de Nefrología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile1 Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile3 Departamento de Medicina Interna, Clínica Dávila, Santiago, Chile1 Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile1 Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile2 Departamento de Nefrología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile2 Departamento de Nefrología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileIn hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI), accurate and early diagnosis is crucial. HRS is a severe condition seen in advanced cirrhosis, requiring prompt recognition and proper management to enhance patient outcomes. Diagnosis of HRS-AKI relies on serum creatinine elevations, similar to other AKI cases in cirrhosis. However, distinguishing HRS-AKI from other renal impairments in these patients can be challenging. Biomarkers and clinical criteria aid in diagnosis and guide treatment. The management of HRS-AKI initially involves improving the haemodynamic profile using albumin and vasoconstrictors like terlipressin, a synthetic vasopressin analogue. Despite some reports linking terlipressin to increased adverse events compared with norepinephrine, it remains the preferred choice in HRS-AKI and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to its faster, stronger response and improved survival. Additional therapies like midodrine (alpha-1 adrenergic agonist), octreotide (somatostatin analogue) and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt are proposed as adjuvant treatments for HRS-AKI, aiming to improve vasoconstriction and renal blood flow. However, these adjunctive therapies cannot replace the definitive treatment for HRS-AKI—liver transplantation (LT). In cases unresponsive to medical management, LT is the only option to restore liver function and improve renal outcomes. Current evidence favours combined liver and kidney transplantation (CLKT) in certain situations. This review aims to evaluate the present evidence and recommendations on AKI in patients with cirrhosis, the pathophysiology of HRS-AKI, different treatments and indications for LT and CLKT. Understanding the complexities of managing HRS-AKI is crucial for optimising patient care and achieving better outcomes in this challenging clinical setting.https://egastroenterology.bmj.com/content/1/2/e100009.full |
| spellingShingle | Luis Antonio Díaz Mohammad Qasim Khan David Hudson Juan Pablo Arab Jorge Arnold Eduardo Avila Francisco Idalsoaga María Ayala Valverde Gustavo Ayares Marco Arrese Eric Roessler Juan Pablo Huidobro Advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome: insights into HRS-AKI and liver transplantation eGastroenterology |
| title | Advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome: insights into HRS-AKI and liver transplantation |
| title_full | Advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome: insights into HRS-AKI and liver transplantation |
| title_fullStr | Advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome: insights into HRS-AKI and liver transplantation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome: insights into HRS-AKI and liver transplantation |
| title_short | Advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome: insights into HRS-AKI and liver transplantation |
| title_sort | advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome insights into hrs aki and liver transplantation |
| url | https://egastroenterology.bmj.com/content/1/2/e100009.full |
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