Episode-specific cortical functional connectome reorganization and neurobiological correlates in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric condition characterized by distinct episodes: manic (BipM), depressive (BipD), mixed (mBD), and remission (rBD). Current evidence indicates alterations in brain functional connectivity in BD, yet a comprehensive understanding a...

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Main Authors: Xiaobo Liu, Bin Wan, Xi-Han Zhang, Ruifang Cui, Siyu Long, Ruiyang Ge, Lang Liu, Jinming Xiao, Zhen-Qi Liu, Jiadong Yan, Ke Xie, Meng Yao, Xin Wen, Sanwang Wang, Yujun Gao
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Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-08-01
Series:BMC Medicine
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04277-7
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author Xiaobo Liu
Bin Wan
Xi-Han Zhang
Ruifang Cui
Siyu Long
Ruiyang Ge
Lang Liu
Jinming Xiao
Zhen-Qi Liu
Jiadong Yan
Ke Xie
Meng Yao
Xin Wen
Sanwang Wang
Yujun Gao
author_facet Xiaobo Liu
Bin Wan
Xi-Han Zhang
Ruifang Cui
Siyu Long
Ruiyang Ge
Lang Liu
Jinming Xiao
Zhen-Qi Liu
Jiadong Yan
Ke Xie
Meng Yao
Xin Wen
Sanwang Wang
Yujun Gao
author_sort Xiaobo Liu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric condition characterized by distinct episodes: manic (BipM), depressive (BipD), mixed (mBD), and remission (rBD). Current evidence indicates alterations in brain functional connectivity in BD, yet a comprehensive understanding across all episodes remains incomplete. Methods Here, to investigate how different BD episodes alter brain functional organization, we calculated the sensory-association axis using diffusion map embedding on the functional connectome matrix and compared this axis between the four BD groups and neurotypical controls. Then, we employed regression dynamic causal modeling to investigate the directional information flow along the reorganized sensory-association axis across different BD episodes. Furthermore, we applied Nested Spectral Partitioning to decode functional integration and segregation along the same axis. Finally, we compared the reorganization patterns with normative maps of clinical symptomatology, cellular composition, and receptor distribution to elucidate symptom-related and molecular-level associations. Results Compared to healthy controls, we observed sensory region expansion and association region compression in BipM, BipD, and rBD. The mBD showed expanded visual and prefrontal regions but compressed motor and precuneus regions. Analyzing neural information flow revealed reduced connectivity in association regions for BipM and BipD, indicating association dominance in functional reorganization. Conversely, mBD exhibited heightened bidirectional signal flow between sensory and association regions, emphasizing increased integrative processing. Network analyses further revealed increased integration and decreased segregation across unipolar episodes, with the highest integration in mBD. Clinical correlations highlighted that emotional fluctuations primarily related to association region reorganization, suggesting potential biomarkers for mood episode detection. Moreover, these functional reorganizations spatially correlated with serotonin transporter, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, alpha-4-beta-4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and specific cortical neuron layers (layer 4 and layer 5 excitatory neurons). Conclusions Our findings propose functional reorganization as both a biomarker and a simplified neural phenotype framework for systematically quantifying BD-related neural abnormalities.
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spelling doaj-art-842c1e12db5340c6bd2172d9cf0ab8a92025-08-20T03:45:49ZengBMCBMC Medicine1741-70152025-08-0123111810.1186/s12916-025-04277-7Episode-specific cortical functional connectome reorganization and neurobiological correlates in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional studyXiaobo Liu0Bin Wan1Xi-Han Zhang2Ruifang Cui3Siyu Long4Ruiyang Ge5Lang Liu6Jinming Xiao7Zhen-Qi Liu8Jiadong Yan9Ke Xie10Meng Yao11Xin Wen12Sanwang Wang13Yujun Gao14Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesDepartment of Psychology, Yale UniversitySchool of Life Science and Technology, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaMcConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill UniversityDepartment of Psychiatry, University of British ColumbiaDepartment of Human Genetics, McGill UniversityDepartment of Psychology, Yale UniversityMcConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill UniversityMcConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill UniversityMcConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill UniversityDepartment of Psychology, Yale UniversitySchool of Software, Taiyuan University of TechnologyDepartment of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDepartment of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyAbstract Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric condition characterized by distinct episodes: manic (BipM), depressive (BipD), mixed (mBD), and remission (rBD). Current evidence indicates alterations in brain functional connectivity in BD, yet a comprehensive understanding across all episodes remains incomplete. Methods Here, to investigate how different BD episodes alter brain functional organization, we calculated the sensory-association axis using diffusion map embedding on the functional connectome matrix and compared this axis between the four BD groups and neurotypical controls. Then, we employed regression dynamic causal modeling to investigate the directional information flow along the reorganized sensory-association axis across different BD episodes. Furthermore, we applied Nested Spectral Partitioning to decode functional integration and segregation along the same axis. Finally, we compared the reorganization patterns with normative maps of clinical symptomatology, cellular composition, and receptor distribution to elucidate symptom-related and molecular-level associations. Results Compared to healthy controls, we observed sensory region expansion and association region compression in BipM, BipD, and rBD. The mBD showed expanded visual and prefrontal regions but compressed motor and precuneus regions. Analyzing neural information flow revealed reduced connectivity in association regions for BipM and BipD, indicating association dominance in functional reorganization. Conversely, mBD exhibited heightened bidirectional signal flow between sensory and association regions, emphasizing increased integrative processing. Network analyses further revealed increased integration and decreased segregation across unipolar episodes, with the highest integration in mBD. Clinical correlations highlighted that emotional fluctuations primarily related to association region reorganization, suggesting potential biomarkers for mood episode detection. Moreover, these functional reorganizations spatially correlated with serotonin transporter, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, alpha-4-beta-4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and specific cortical neuron layers (layer 4 and layer 5 excitatory neurons). Conclusions Our findings propose functional reorganization as both a biomarker and a simplified neural phenotype framework for systematically quantifying BD-related neural abnormalities.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04277-7Bipolar disorderEpisode statesFunctional gradientsFunctional integration and segregationSignal flowReceptor and cellular maps
spellingShingle Xiaobo Liu
Bin Wan
Xi-Han Zhang
Ruifang Cui
Siyu Long
Ruiyang Ge
Lang Liu
Jinming Xiao
Zhen-Qi Liu
Jiadong Yan
Ke Xie
Meng Yao
Xin Wen
Sanwang Wang
Yujun Gao
Episode-specific cortical functional connectome reorganization and neurobiological correlates in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study
BMC Medicine
Bipolar disorder
Episode states
Functional gradients
Functional integration and segregation
Signal flow
Receptor and cellular maps
title Episode-specific cortical functional connectome reorganization and neurobiological correlates in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study
title_full Episode-specific cortical functional connectome reorganization and neurobiological correlates in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study
title_fullStr Episode-specific cortical functional connectome reorganization and neurobiological correlates in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study
title_full_unstemmed Episode-specific cortical functional connectome reorganization and neurobiological correlates in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study
title_short Episode-specific cortical functional connectome reorganization and neurobiological correlates in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study
title_sort episode specific cortical functional connectome reorganization and neurobiological correlates in bipolar disorder a cross sectional study
topic Bipolar disorder
Episode states
Functional gradients
Functional integration and segregation
Signal flow
Receptor and cellular maps
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04277-7
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