Life Cycle of the Dagger Nematode <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> and the Host Suitability of Olive and Fig for <i>X. israeliae</i> and <i>X. italiae</i>
<i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> has been reported in the rhizosphere of olives in Crete, Greece. Attempts were made to culture this nematode in pots planted with olive and fig seedlings, using <i>Xiphinema index</i> as a control. In these conditions, <i>X. index</i> sh...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis Juan E. Palomares-Rius Ana García-Velázquez Rosana Salazar-García Pablo Castillo Antonio Archidona-Yuste |
| author_facet | Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis Juan E. Palomares-Rius Ana García-Velázquez Rosana Salazar-García Pablo Castillo Antonio Archidona-Yuste |
| author_sort | Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> has been reported in the rhizosphere of olives in Crete, Greece. Attempts were made to culture this nematode in pots planted with olive and fig seedlings, using <i>Xiphinema index</i> as a control. In these conditions, <i>X. index</i> showed a high reproduction rate on fig in a few months and none on olive. The experiments with <i>X. israeliae</i> indicated that olive and fig are suitable hosts for this dagger nematode, since juveniles of various life stages were found in plants inoculated exclusively with females, although the rate of nematode reproduction was low. <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> was proved to have a parthenogenetic reproduction and a long life cycle, from female to female, taking more than nine months at a 24–26 °C temperature to complete. Therefore, a quite long period, even a few years, may be necessary to obtain a high number of nematodes in pots under experimental conditions. In contrast, <i>Xiphinema italiae</i> did not reproduce on olive and fig after a seven-month period. Accordingly, to our knowledge, this study increases the host range and knowledge about the culturing of these species, as only seven species of <i>Xiphinema</i> have been successfully cultured in pots till now. The potential of fig and olive for culturing <i>X. israeliae</i> gives an opportunity for further studies of its biology and host range. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-83d11bbb16a24456ba872f09f9f00d30 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj-art-83d11bbb16a24456ba872f09f9f00d302025-08-20T03:14:42ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-04-01155101310.3390/agronomy15051013Life Cycle of the Dagger Nematode <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> and the Host Suitability of Olive and Fig for <i>X. israeliae</i> and <i>X. italiae</i>Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis0Juan E. Palomares-Rius1Ana García-Velázquez2Rosana Salazar-García3Pablo Castillo4Antonio Archidona-Yuste5Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Department of Viticulture, Vegetable Crops, Floriculture and Plant Protection, ELGO-DIMITRA, 32A Kastorias Street, Mesa Katsabas, 71307 Heraklion, Crete, GreeceInstitute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 14004 Córdoba, SpainInstitute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 14004 Córdoba, SpainInstitute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 14004 Córdoba, SpainInstitute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 14004 Córdoba, SpainInstitute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 14004 Córdoba, Spain<i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> has been reported in the rhizosphere of olives in Crete, Greece. Attempts were made to culture this nematode in pots planted with olive and fig seedlings, using <i>Xiphinema index</i> as a control. In these conditions, <i>X. index</i> showed a high reproduction rate on fig in a few months and none on olive. The experiments with <i>X. israeliae</i> indicated that olive and fig are suitable hosts for this dagger nematode, since juveniles of various life stages were found in plants inoculated exclusively with females, although the rate of nematode reproduction was low. <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> was proved to have a parthenogenetic reproduction and a long life cycle, from female to female, taking more than nine months at a 24–26 °C temperature to complete. Therefore, a quite long period, even a few years, may be necessary to obtain a high number of nematodes in pots under experimental conditions. In contrast, <i>Xiphinema italiae</i> did not reproduce on olive and fig after a seven-month period. Accordingly, to our knowledge, this study increases the host range and knowledge about the culturing of these species, as only seven species of <i>Xiphinema</i> have been successfully cultured in pots till now. The potential of fig and olive for culturing <i>X. israeliae</i> gives an opportunity for further studies of its biology and host range.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/5/1013ecologyplant-parasitic nematodeMediterraneanlife cycle |
| spellingShingle | Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis Juan E. Palomares-Rius Ana García-Velázquez Rosana Salazar-García Pablo Castillo Antonio Archidona-Yuste Life Cycle of the Dagger Nematode <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> and the Host Suitability of Olive and Fig for <i>X. israeliae</i> and <i>X. italiae</i> Agronomy ecology plant-parasitic nematode Mediterranean life cycle |
| title | Life Cycle of the Dagger Nematode <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> and the Host Suitability of Olive and Fig for <i>X. israeliae</i> and <i>X. italiae</i> |
| title_full | Life Cycle of the Dagger Nematode <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> and the Host Suitability of Olive and Fig for <i>X. israeliae</i> and <i>X. italiae</i> |
| title_fullStr | Life Cycle of the Dagger Nematode <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> and the Host Suitability of Olive and Fig for <i>X. israeliae</i> and <i>X. italiae</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Life Cycle of the Dagger Nematode <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> and the Host Suitability of Olive and Fig for <i>X. israeliae</i> and <i>X. italiae</i> |
| title_short | Life Cycle of the Dagger Nematode <i>Xiphinema israeliae</i> and the Host Suitability of Olive and Fig for <i>X. israeliae</i> and <i>X. italiae</i> |
| title_sort | life cycle of the dagger nematode i xiphinema israeliae i and the host suitability of olive and fig for i x israeliae i and i x italiae i |
| topic | ecology plant-parasitic nematode Mediterranean life cycle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/5/1013 |
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