patter: Particle algorithms for animal tracking in R and Julia

Abstract State‐space models are a powerful modelling framework in movement ecology that represents individual movements and the processes connecting movements to observations. However, fitting state‐space models to animal‐tracking data can be difficult and computationally expensive. Here, we introdu...

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Main Authors: Edward Lavender, Andreas Scheidegger, Carlo Albert, Stanisław W. Biber, Janine Illian, James Thorburn, Sophie Smout, Helen Moor
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-08-01
Series:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70029
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author Edward Lavender
Andreas Scheidegger
Carlo Albert
Stanisław W. Biber
Janine Illian
James Thorburn
Sophie Smout
Helen Moor
author_facet Edward Lavender
Andreas Scheidegger
Carlo Albert
Stanisław W. Biber
Janine Illian
James Thorburn
Sophie Smout
Helen Moor
author_sort Edward Lavender
collection DOAJ
description Abstract State‐space models are a powerful modelling framework in movement ecology that represents individual movements and the processes connecting movements to observations. However, fitting state‐space models to animal‐tracking data can be difficult and computationally expensive. Here, we introduce patter, a package that provides particle filtering and smoothing algorithms that fit Bayesian state‐space models to tracking data, with a focus on data from aquatic animals in receiver arrays. patter is written in R, with a performant Julia backend. Package functionality supports data simulation, preparation, filtering, smoothing and mapping. In two examples, we demonstrate how to implement patter to reconstruct the movements of a tagged animal in an acoustic telemetry system from acoustic detections and ancillary observations. With perfect information, the particle filter reconstructs the true (unobserved) movement path (Example One). More generally, particle algorithms represent an individual's possible location probabilistically as a weighted series of samples (‘particles’). In our illustration, we resolve an individual's (unobserved) location every 2 min during 1 month and use particles to visualise movements, map space use and quantify residency (Example Two). patter facilitates robust, flexible and efficient analyses of animal‐tracking data. The methods are widely applicable and enable refined analyses of space use, home ranges and residency.
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spelling doaj-art-838bad77cee04ffaac4bf89a3c5239e22025-08-20T03:44:31ZengWileyMethods in Ecology and Evolution2041-210X2025-08-011681609161610.1111/2041-210X.70029patter: Particle algorithms for animal tracking in R and JuliaEdward Lavender0Andreas Scheidegger1Carlo Albert2Stanisław W. Biber3Janine Illian4James Thorburn5Sophie Smout6Helen Moor7Department of Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf SwitzerlandDepartment of Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf SwitzerlandDepartment of Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf SwitzerlandSchool of Engineering Mathematics and Technology University of Bristol Bristol UKSchool of Mathematics and Statistics University of Glasgow Glasgow UKSchool of Applied Sciences Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh UKScottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UKDepartment of Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf SwitzerlandAbstract State‐space models are a powerful modelling framework in movement ecology that represents individual movements and the processes connecting movements to observations. However, fitting state‐space models to animal‐tracking data can be difficult and computationally expensive. Here, we introduce patter, a package that provides particle filtering and smoothing algorithms that fit Bayesian state‐space models to tracking data, with a focus on data from aquatic animals in receiver arrays. patter is written in R, with a performant Julia backend. Package functionality supports data simulation, preparation, filtering, smoothing and mapping. In two examples, we demonstrate how to implement patter to reconstruct the movements of a tagged animal in an acoustic telemetry system from acoustic detections and ancillary observations. With perfect information, the particle filter reconstructs the true (unobserved) movement path (Example One). More generally, particle algorithms represent an individual's possible location probabilistically as a weighted series of samples (‘particles’). In our illustration, we resolve an individual's (unobserved) location every 2 min during 1 month and use particles to visualise movements, map space use and quantify residency (Example Two). patter facilitates robust, flexible and efficient analyses of animal‐tracking data. The methods are widely applicable and enable refined analyses of space use, home ranges and residency.https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70029Bayesian inferencemovement ecologypackageparticle filterpassive acoustic telemetrystate‐space model
spellingShingle Edward Lavender
Andreas Scheidegger
Carlo Albert
Stanisław W. Biber
Janine Illian
James Thorburn
Sophie Smout
Helen Moor
patter: Particle algorithms for animal tracking in R and Julia
Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Bayesian inference
movement ecology
package
particle filter
passive acoustic telemetry
state‐space model
title patter: Particle algorithms for animal tracking in R and Julia
title_full patter: Particle algorithms for animal tracking in R and Julia
title_fullStr patter: Particle algorithms for animal tracking in R and Julia
title_full_unstemmed patter: Particle algorithms for animal tracking in R and Julia
title_short patter: Particle algorithms for animal tracking in R and Julia
title_sort patter particle algorithms for animal tracking in r and julia
topic Bayesian inference
movement ecology
package
particle filter
passive acoustic telemetry
state‐space model
url https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70029
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AT stanisławwbiber patterparticlealgorithmsforanimaltrackinginrandjulia
AT janineillian patterparticlealgorithmsforanimaltrackinginrandjulia
AT jamesthorburn patterparticlealgorithmsforanimaltrackinginrandjulia
AT sophiesmout patterparticlealgorithmsforanimaltrackinginrandjulia
AT helenmoor patterparticlealgorithmsforanimaltrackinginrandjulia