Evaluating the Accuracy of Low-Cost Wearable Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring
This study evaluates the accuracy of a low-cost wearable system for the continuous monitoring of vital signs, including heart rate, blood oxygen saturation (Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub&g...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/7/791 |
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| author | Tatiana Pereira Filgueiras Pedro Bertemes-Filho Fabrício Noveletto |
| author_facet | Tatiana Pereira Filgueiras Pedro Bertemes-Filho Fabrício Noveletto |
| author_sort | Tatiana Pereira Filgueiras |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study evaluates the accuracy of a low-cost wearable system for the continuous monitoring of vital signs, including heart rate, blood oxygen saturation (Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>), blood pressure trend (BPT), and body temperature. The prototype was built using the nRF52840 microcontroller, which integrates photoplethysmography and infrared sensors. The heart rate and Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> data were collected under three body positions (<i>Rest</i>, <i>Sitting</i>, and <i>Standing</i>), while all measurements were performed using both anatomical configurations: BPT-Finger and BPT-Earlobe. Results were compared against validated commercial devices: UT-100 for heart rate and Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, G-TECH LA800 for blood pressure, and G-TECH THGTSC3 for body temperature. Ten participants were monitored over a ten-day period. Bland–Altman analysis revealed clinically acceptable agreement thresholds of ±5 mmHg for blood pressure, ±5–10 bpm for heart rate, ±4% for Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and ±0.5 °C for temperature. Both wearable configurations demonstrated clinically acceptable agreement across all vital signs. The BPT-Earlobe configuration exhibited superior stability and lower variability in the <i>Rest</i> and <i>Sitting</i> positions, likely due to reduced motion artifacts. Conversely, the BPT-Finger configuration showed higher Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> accuracy in the <i>Standing</i> position, with narrower limits of agreement. These findings highlight the importance of sensor placement in maintaining measurement consistency across physiological conditions. With an estimated cost of only ~USD 130—compared to ~USD 590 for the commercial alternatives—the proposed system presents a cost-effective, scalable, and accessible solution for decentralized health monitoring, particularly in underserved or remote environments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-83138d7cd29448fd87419640e5ce7699 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj-art-83138d7cd29448fd87419640e5ce76992025-08-20T03:08:13ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2025-07-0116779110.3390/mi16070791Evaluating the Accuracy of Low-Cost Wearable Sensors for Healthcare MonitoringTatiana Pereira Filgueiras0Pedro Bertemes-Filho1Fabrício Noveletto2Department of Electrical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville 89219-710, SC, BrazilDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville 89219-710, SC, BrazilDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville 89219-710, SC, BrazilThis study evaluates the accuracy of a low-cost wearable system for the continuous monitoring of vital signs, including heart rate, blood oxygen saturation (Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>), blood pressure trend (BPT), and body temperature. The prototype was built using the nRF52840 microcontroller, which integrates photoplethysmography and infrared sensors. The heart rate and Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> data were collected under three body positions (<i>Rest</i>, <i>Sitting</i>, and <i>Standing</i>), while all measurements were performed using both anatomical configurations: BPT-Finger and BPT-Earlobe. Results were compared against validated commercial devices: UT-100 for heart rate and Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, G-TECH LA800 for blood pressure, and G-TECH THGTSC3 for body temperature. Ten participants were monitored over a ten-day period. Bland–Altman analysis revealed clinically acceptable agreement thresholds of ±5 mmHg for blood pressure, ±5–10 bpm for heart rate, ±4% for Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and ±0.5 °C for temperature. Both wearable configurations demonstrated clinically acceptable agreement across all vital signs. The BPT-Earlobe configuration exhibited superior stability and lower variability in the <i>Rest</i> and <i>Sitting</i> positions, likely due to reduced motion artifacts. Conversely, the BPT-Finger configuration showed higher Sp<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> accuracy in the <i>Standing</i> position, with narrower limits of agreement. These findings highlight the importance of sensor placement in maintaining measurement consistency across physiological conditions. With an estimated cost of only ~USD 130—compared to ~USD 590 for the commercial alternatives—the proposed system presents a cost-effective, scalable, and accessible solution for decentralized health monitoring, particularly in underserved or remote environments.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/7/791wearable sensorshealth monitoringlow-cost devicesphotoplethysmographybiomedical sensor accuracy |
| spellingShingle | Tatiana Pereira Filgueiras Pedro Bertemes-Filho Fabrício Noveletto Evaluating the Accuracy of Low-Cost Wearable Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring Micromachines wearable sensors health monitoring low-cost devices photoplethysmography biomedical sensor accuracy |
| title | Evaluating the Accuracy of Low-Cost Wearable Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring |
| title_full | Evaluating the Accuracy of Low-Cost Wearable Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the Accuracy of Low-Cost Wearable Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the Accuracy of Low-Cost Wearable Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring |
| title_short | Evaluating the Accuracy of Low-Cost Wearable Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring |
| title_sort | evaluating the accuracy of low cost wearable sensors for healthcare monitoring |
| topic | wearable sensors health monitoring low-cost devices photoplethysmography biomedical sensor accuracy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/7/791 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tatianapereirafilgueiras evaluatingtheaccuracyoflowcostwearablesensorsforhealthcaremonitoring AT pedrobertemesfilho evaluatingtheaccuracyoflowcostwearablesensorsforhealthcaremonitoring AT fabricionoveletto evaluatingtheaccuracyoflowcostwearablesensorsforhealthcaremonitoring |