<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Immobilized on Wood Demonstrates High Persistence During the Removal of OPFRs in a Trickle-Bed Bioreactor
Emerging pollutants such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) pose a critical threat to environmental and human health, while conventional wastewater treatments often fail to remove them. This study addresses this issue by evaluating the bioremediation potential of white-rot fungi for the rem...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/2/85 |
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| author | Shamim Tayar Javier Villagra Núria Gaju Maira Martínez-Alonso Eduardo Beltrán-Flores Montserrat Sarrà |
| author_facet | Shamim Tayar Javier Villagra Núria Gaju Maira Martínez-Alonso Eduardo Beltrán-Flores Montserrat Sarrà |
| author_sort | Shamim Tayar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Emerging pollutants such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) pose a critical threat to environmental and human health, while conventional wastewater treatments often fail to remove them. This study addresses this issue by evaluating the bioremediation potential of white-rot fungi for the removal of two OPFRs: tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP). Three fungal species—<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>, <i>Trametes versicolor</i>, and <i>Phanerochaete velutina</i>—were screened for their degradation capabilities. Among these, <i>G. lucidum</i> and <i>T. versicolor</i> demonstrated removal efficiencies exceeding 99% for TBP, while removal rates for TCEP were significantly lower, with a maximum of 30%. The exploration of the enzyme role showed that cytochrome P450 is involved in the degradation while the extracellular laccase is not involved. Continuous batch experiments were performed using a trickle-bed reactor (TBR) operating under non-sterile conditions, a setting that closely resembles real-world wastewater treatment environments. <i>G. lucidum</i> was immobilized on oak wood chips, and the removal efficiencies were measured to be 85.3% and 54.8% for TBP and TCEP, respectively, over 10 cycles. Microbial community analysis showed that <i>G. lucidum</i> remained the dominant species in the reactor. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of fungal-based trickle-bed bioreactors, offering a sustainable and efficient alternative for addressing environmental pollution caused by highly recalcitrant pollutants. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8308e10f4bb84682bc92f31e3a61f07a |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj-art-8308e10f4bb84682bc92f31e3a61f07a2025-08-20T03:12:02ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2025-01-011128510.3390/jof11020085<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Immobilized on Wood Demonstrates High Persistence During the Removal of OPFRs in a Trickle-Bed BioreactorShamim Tayar0Javier Villagra1Núria Gaju2Maira Martínez-Alonso3Eduardo Beltrán-Flores4Montserrat Sarrà5Departament d’Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainDepartament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainDepartament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainDepartament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainDepartament d’Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainDepartament d’Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, SpainEmerging pollutants such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) pose a critical threat to environmental and human health, while conventional wastewater treatments often fail to remove them. This study addresses this issue by evaluating the bioremediation potential of white-rot fungi for the removal of two OPFRs: tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP). Three fungal species—<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>, <i>Trametes versicolor</i>, and <i>Phanerochaete velutina</i>—were screened for their degradation capabilities. Among these, <i>G. lucidum</i> and <i>T. versicolor</i> demonstrated removal efficiencies exceeding 99% for TBP, while removal rates for TCEP were significantly lower, with a maximum of 30%. The exploration of the enzyme role showed that cytochrome P450 is involved in the degradation while the extracellular laccase is not involved. Continuous batch experiments were performed using a trickle-bed reactor (TBR) operating under non-sterile conditions, a setting that closely resembles real-world wastewater treatment environments. <i>G. lucidum</i> was immobilized on oak wood chips, and the removal efficiencies were measured to be 85.3% and 54.8% for TBP and TCEP, respectively, over 10 cycles. Microbial community analysis showed that <i>G. lucidum</i> remained the dominant species in the reactor. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of fungal-based trickle-bed bioreactors, offering a sustainable and efficient alternative for addressing environmental pollution caused by highly recalcitrant pollutants.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/2/85flame retardantsbioreactorimmobilizationwhite-rot fungimicrobial assessment |
| spellingShingle | Shamim Tayar Javier Villagra Núria Gaju Maira Martínez-Alonso Eduardo Beltrán-Flores Montserrat Sarrà <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Immobilized on Wood Demonstrates High Persistence During the Removal of OPFRs in a Trickle-Bed Bioreactor Journal of Fungi flame retardants bioreactor immobilization white-rot fungi microbial assessment |
| title | <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Immobilized on Wood Demonstrates High Persistence During the Removal of OPFRs in a Trickle-Bed Bioreactor |
| title_full | <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Immobilized on Wood Demonstrates High Persistence During the Removal of OPFRs in a Trickle-Bed Bioreactor |
| title_fullStr | <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Immobilized on Wood Demonstrates High Persistence During the Removal of OPFRs in a Trickle-Bed Bioreactor |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Immobilized on Wood Demonstrates High Persistence During the Removal of OPFRs in a Trickle-Bed Bioreactor |
| title_short | <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Immobilized on Wood Demonstrates High Persistence During the Removal of OPFRs in a Trickle-Bed Bioreactor |
| title_sort | i ganoderma lucidum i immobilized on wood demonstrates high persistence during the removal of opfrs in a trickle bed bioreactor |
| topic | flame retardants bioreactor immobilization white-rot fungi microbial assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/2/85 |
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