Stochastic Planning of Synergetic Conventional Vehicle and UAV Delivery Operations

Synergetic transportation schemes are extensively used in package delivery operations, exploiting the best features of different modes. This paper proposes a methodology to solve the mode assignment and routing problem for the case of combined conventional vehicle and unmanned aerial vehicle (CV–UAV...

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Main Authors: Konstantinos Kouretas, Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Drones
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/5/359
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author Konstantinos Kouretas
Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou
author_facet Konstantinos Kouretas
Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou
author_sort Konstantinos Kouretas
collection DOAJ
description Synergetic transportation schemes are extensively used in package delivery operations, exploiting the best features of different modes. This paper proposes a methodology to solve the mode assignment and routing problem for the case of combined conventional vehicle and unmanned aerial vehicle (CV–UAV) parcel deliveries under uncertainty for next-day operations. This research incorporates ground and air uncertainties: travel times are assumed for conventional vehicles, while UAV paths are affected by weather conditions and restricted flying zones. A nested genetic algorithm is initially used to solve the problem under fixed conditions. Then, a robust optimization approach is employed to propose the best solution that will perform well in a stochastic environment. The framework is applied to a case study of realistic urban–suburban size, and results are discussed. The entire platform is useful for strategic decisions on infrastructure and for operation planning with satisfactory performance and less risk.
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series Drones
spelling doaj-art-826a8b1ef55f4c1cbee03e9fca788e3c2025-08-20T03:14:33ZengMDPI AGDrones2504-446X2025-05-019535910.3390/drones9050359Stochastic Planning of Synergetic Conventional Vehicle and UAV Delivery OperationsKonstantinos Kouretas0Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou1School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, GreeceSchool of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, GreeceSynergetic transportation schemes are extensively used in package delivery operations, exploiting the best features of different modes. This paper proposes a methodology to solve the mode assignment and routing problem for the case of combined conventional vehicle and unmanned aerial vehicle (CV–UAV) parcel deliveries under uncertainty for next-day operations. This research incorporates ground and air uncertainties: travel times are assumed for conventional vehicles, while UAV paths are affected by weather conditions and restricted flying zones. A nested genetic algorithm is initially used to solve the problem under fixed conditions. Then, a robust optimization approach is employed to propose the best solution that will perform well in a stochastic environment. The framework is applied to a case study of realistic urban–suburban size, and results are discussed. The entire platform is useful for strategic decisions on infrastructure and for operation planning with satisfactory performance and less risk.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/5/359stochastic optimizationrobust optimizationvehicle routingelectromobilitysustainable transportationmultimodal transport
spellingShingle Konstantinos Kouretas
Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou
Stochastic Planning of Synergetic Conventional Vehicle and UAV Delivery Operations
Drones
stochastic optimization
robust optimization
vehicle routing
electromobility
sustainable transportation
multimodal transport
title Stochastic Planning of Synergetic Conventional Vehicle and UAV Delivery Operations
title_full Stochastic Planning of Synergetic Conventional Vehicle and UAV Delivery Operations
title_fullStr Stochastic Planning of Synergetic Conventional Vehicle and UAV Delivery Operations
title_full_unstemmed Stochastic Planning of Synergetic Conventional Vehicle and UAV Delivery Operations
title_short Stochastic Planning of Synergetic Conventional Vehicle and UAV Delivery Operations
title_sort stochastic planning of synergetic conventional vehicle and uav delivery operations
topic stochastic optimization
robust optimization
vehicle routing
electromobility
sustainable transportation
multimodal transport
url https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/5/359
work_keys_str_mv AT konstantinoskouretas stochasticplanningofsynergeticconventionalvehicleanduavdeliveryoperations
AT konstantinoskepaptsoglou stochasticplanningofsynergeticconventionalvehicleanduavdeliveryoperations