Agro-Industrial Waste from <i>Pistacia vera</i>: Chemical Profile and Bioactive Properties
In Argentina and globally, pistachio (<i>Pistacia vera</i>) production has significantly grown, driven by its high nutritional value and food industry demand. Its harvesting and processing generate about 40% of pistachio waste (PW), including leaves, twigs, seed coats, green, and empty k...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Mauricio Piñeiro Victoria Parera Javier E. Ortiz Olimpia Llalla-Cordova Sofia Manrique Brisa Castro Maximiliano Ighani Lorena C. Luna Gabriela E. Feresin |
| author_facet | Mauricio Piñeiro Victoria Parera Javier E. Ortiz Olimpia Llalla-Cordova Sofia Manrique Brisa Castro Maximiliano Ighani Lorena C. Luna Gabriela E. Feresin |
| author_sort | Mauricio Piñeiro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In Argentina and globally, pistachio (<i>Pistacia vera</i>) production has significantly grown, driven by its high nutritional value and food industry demand. Its harvesting and processing generate about 40% of pistachio waste (PW), including leaves, twigs, seed coats, green, and empty kernels. Underutilized PW has led to environmental problems, including soil and water contamination by landfill accumulation. However, it could be a potential source of undiscovered bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize the chemical profile and to evaluate the bioactive properties of PW. The dried pistachio waste (dPW) was used to prepare the pistachio waste decoction (PWD) (10% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i>). The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (FC) were quantified, and the chemical profile was analyzed using UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Nematicidal activity against <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> (J2), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition, antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP), and phytotoxicity on <i>Allium cepa</i>, <i>Lactuca sativa</i>, and <i>Raphanus sativus</i> were evaluated. The UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified 26 compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and unsaturated fatty acids. The main compounds were gallic acid, anacardic acid, and quercetin derivatives. The TPC and FC were 212.65 mg GAE/g dPW and 0.022 mg QE/g dPW, respectively, displaying strong antioxidant activity across the assays DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. PWD exhibited nematicidal activity against <i>M. incognita</i> (J2) (LC<sub>50</sub> = 0.12% at 24 h). Alterations in the cuticle were observed, including structural disorganization and detachment from internal tissues. Additionally, a remarkable cholinesterase inhibitory effect was detected at 2.0% PWD (42.65% for AChE and 58.90% for BuChE). PWD showed low phytotoxic effects across the tested species, and the germination percentage (GP) and the mean germination time (MGT) were not significantly affected (GP > 79%). These findings highlight the potential of PW as a sustainable alternative for <i>M. incognita</i> control, the remarkable nematicidal, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant properties, and the low phytotoxicity, supporting its use in sustainable agricultural practices. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-820fd2d8ef8f46d1856bcfc862275772 |
| institution | OA Journals |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-820fd2d8ef8f46d1856bcfc8622757722025-08-20T01:56:39ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-05-011410142010.3390/plants14101420Agro-Industrial Waste from <i>Pistacia vera</i>: Chemical Profile and Bioactive PropertiesMauricio Piñeiro0Victoria Parera1Javier E. Ortiz2Olimpia Llalla-Cordova3Sofia Manrique4Brisa Castro5Maximiliano Ighani6Lorena C. Luna7Gabriela E. Feresin8Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), San Juan 5400, ArgentinaInstituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), San Juan 5400, ArgentinaInstituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), San Juan 5400, ArgentinaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CCT CONICET, San Juan 5400, ArgentinaInstituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), San Juan 5400, ArgentinaInstituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), San Juan 5400, ArgentinaPisté S.R.L., San Juan 5400, ArgentinaInstituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), San Juan 5400, ArgentinaInstituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), San Juan 5400, ArgentinaIn Argentina and globally, pistachio (<i>Pistacia vera</i>) production has significantly grown, driven by its high nutritional value and food industry demand. Its harvesting and processing generate about 40% of pistachio waste (PW), including leaves, twigs, seed coats, green, and empty kernels. Underutilized PW has led to environmental problems, including soil and water contamination by landfill accumulation. However, it could be a potential source of undiscovered bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize the chemical profile and to evaluate the bioactive properties of PW. The dried pistachio waste (dPW) was used to prepare the pistachio waste decoction (PWD) (10% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i>). The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (FC) were quantified, and the chemical profile was analyzed using UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Nematicidal activity against <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> (J2), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition, antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP), and phytotoxicity on <i>Allium cepa</i>, <i>Lactuca sativa</i>, and <i>Raphanus sativus</i> were evaluated. The UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified 26 compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and unsaturated fatty acids. The main compounds were gallic acid, anacardic acid, and quercetin derivatives. The TPC and FC were 212.65 mg GAE/g dPW and 0.022 mg QE/g dPW, respectively, displaying strong antioxidant activity across the assays DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. PWD exhibited nematicidal activity against <i>M. incognita</i> (J2) (LC<sub>50</sub> = 0.12% at 24 h). Alterations in the cuticle were observed, including structural disorganization and detachment from internal tissues. Additionally, a remarkable cholinesterase inhibitory effect was detected at 2.0% PWD (42.65% for AChE and 58.90% for BuChE). PWD showed low phytotoxic effects across the tested species, and the germination percentage (GP) and the mean germination time (MGT) were not significantly affected (GP > 79%). These findings highlight the potential of PW as a sustainable alternative for <i>M. incognita</i> control, the remarkable nematicidal, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant properties, and the low phytotoxicity, supporting its use in sustainable agricultural practices.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/10/1420nematicidal<i>Meloidogyne incognita</i>phytotoxicityantioxidantanticholinesterases |
| spellingShingle | Mauricio Piñeiro Victoria Parera Javier E. Ortiz Olimpia Llalla-Cordova Sofia Manrique Brisa Castro Maximiliano Ighani Lorena C. Luna Gabriela E. Feresin Agro-Industrial Waste from <i>Pistacia vera</i>: Chemical Profile and Bioactive Properties Plants nematicidal <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> phytotoxicity antioxidant anticholinesterases |
| title | Agro-Industrial Waste from <i>Pistacia vera</i>: Chemical Profile and Bioactive Properties |
| title_full | Agro-Industrial Waste from <i>Pistacia vera</i>: Chemical Profile and Bioactive Properties |
| title_fullStr | Agro-Industrial Waste from <i>Pistacia vera</i>: Chemical Profile and Bioactive Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agro-Industrial Waste from <i>Pistacia vera</i>: Chemical Profile and Bioactive Properties |
| title_short | Agro-Industrial Waste from <i>Pistacia vera</i>: Chemical Profile and Bioactive Properties |
| title_sort | agro industrial waste from i pistacia vera i chemical profile and bioactive properties |
| topic | nematicidal <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> phytotoxicity antioxidant anticholinesterases |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/10/1420 |
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