Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Immunomodulator on Cytokines Levels: An Alternative Therapy for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric illness that presents as a deficit of serotonergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. MDD patients also experience alterations in cortisol and cytokines levels. Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is the first-...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2013-01-01
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| Series: | Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/267871 |
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| author | María Eugenia Hernandez Danelia Mendieta Mayra Pérez-Tapia Rafael Bojalil Iris Estrada-Garcia Sergio Estrada-Parra Lenin Pavón |
| author_facet | María Eugenia Hernandez Danelia Mendieta Mayra Pérez-Tapia Rafael Bojalil Iris Estrada-Garcia Sergio Estrada-Parra Lenin Pavón |
| author_sort | María Eugenia Hernandez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric illness that presents as a deficit of serotonergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. MDD patients also experience alterations in cortisol and cytokines levels. Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is the first-line antidepressant regimen for MDD. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of SSRIs and an immunomodulator—human dialyzable leukocyte extract (hDLE)—on cortisol and cytokines levels. Patients received SSRIs or SSRIs plus hDLE. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, and IFN-γ; anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-13 and IL-10; and 24-h urine cortisol were measured at weeks (W) 0, 5, 20, 36, and 52 of treatment. The reduction in cortisol levels in the SSRI-treated group was 30% until W52, in contrast, the combined treatment induced a 54% decrease at W36. The decline in cortisol in patients who were treated with SSRI plus hDLE correlated with reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines and increases levels of proinflammatory cytokines at the study conclusion. These results suggest that the immune-stimulating activity of hDLE, in combination with SSRIs, restored the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance and cortisol levels in depressed patients versus those who were given SSRIs alone. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-820d4aaa3e744b2fb7a07ce4831306a2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1740-2522 1740-2530 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2013-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-820d4aaa3e744b2fb7a07ce4831306a22025-08-20T03:35:24ZengWileyClinical and Developmental Immunology1740-25221740-25302013-01-01201310.1155/2013/267871267871Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Immunomodulator on Cytokines Levels: An Alternative Therapy for Patients with Major Depressive DisorderMaría Eugenia Hernandez0Danelia Mendieta1Mayra Pérez-Tapia2Rafael Bojalil3Iris Estrada-Garcia4Sergio Estrada-Parra5Lenin Pavón6Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry “Ramón de la Fuente”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, DF, MexicoNational Institute of Psychiatry “Ramón de la Fuente”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, DF, MexicoDepartment of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences (ENCB), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), 11340 Mexico City, DF, MexicoDepartamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, 14080 Mexico City, DF, MexicoDepartment of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences (ENCB), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), 11340 Mexico City, DF, MexicoDepartment of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences (ENCB), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), 11340 Mexico City, DF, MexicoDepartment of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry “Ramón de la Fuente”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, DF, MexicoMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric illness that presents as a deficit of serotonergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. MDD patients also experience alterations in cortisol and cytokines levels. Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is the first-line antidepressant regimen for MDD. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of SSRIs and an immunomodulator—human dialyzable leukocyte extract (hDLE)—on cortisol and cytokines levels. Patients received SSRIs or SSRIs plus hDLE. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, and IFN-γ; anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-13 and IL-10; and 24-h urine cortisol were measured at weeks (W) 0, 5, 20, 36, and 52 of treatment. The reduction in cortisol levels in the SSRI-treated group was 30% until W52, in contrast, the combined treatment induced a 54% decrease at W36. The decline in cortisol in patients who were treated with SSRI plus hDLE correlated with reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines and increases levels of proinflammatory cytokines at the study conclusion. These results suggest that the immune-stimulating activity of hDLE, in combination with SSRIs, restored the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance and cortisol levels in depressed patients versus those who were given SSRIs alone.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/267871 |
| spellingShingle | María Eugenia Hernandez Danelia Mendieta Mayra Pérez-Tapia Rafael Bojalil Iris Estrada-Garcia Sergio Estrada-Parra Lenin Pavón Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Immunomodulator on Cytokines Levels: An Alternative Therapy for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| title | Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Immunomodulator on Cytokines Levels: An Alternative Therapy for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder |
| title_full | Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Immunomodulator on Cytokines Levels: An Alternative Therapy for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Immunomodulator on Cytokines Levels: An Alternative Therapy for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Immunomodulator on Cytokines Levels: An Alternative Therapy for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder |
| title_short | Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Immunomodulator on Cytokines Levels: An Alternative Therapy for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder |
| title_sort | effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and immunomodulator on cytokines levels an alternative therapy for patients with major depressive disorder |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/267871 |
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