Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Urtica dioica using solvent-based process optimization and characterization
Abstract The extraction of bioactive compounds using green technology is a crucial topic for both research and industrys. This present investigation examines the effect of different solvents, i.e., water, ethanol (80%), and NADES (ChCl: lactic acid), during microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09855-6 |
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| author | Anjali Sahal Afzal Hussain Ritesh Mishra Sakshi Pandey Ankita Dobhal Waseem Ahmad Vinod Kumar Umesh Chandra Lohani Sanjay Kumar |
| author_facet | Anjali Sahal Afzal Hussain Ritesh Mishra Sakshi Pandey Ankita Dobhal Waseem Ahmad Vinod Kumar Umesh Chandra Lohani Sanjay Kumar |
| author_sort | Anjali Sahal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The extraction of bioactive compounds using green technology is a crucial topic for both research and industrys. This present investigation examines the effect of different solvents, i.e., water, ethanol (80%), and NADES (ChCl: lactic acid), during microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from nettle leaves. The RSM-BBD approach was employed with power (300, 450, and 600 W), time (10, 15, and 20 min), and sample-to-solvent ratio (1:10,1:15, and 1:20) in relation to the water, ethanol, and NADES extract’s TPC (mg GAE/g), TFC (mg GAE/g), and DPPH (%IA). The optimum extraction conditions obtained were 300 W, 10 min, and 1:10 sample-to-solvent ratio for water, 300 W, 17 min, and 1:10 sample-to-solvent ratio for ethanol (80%), and 300 W, 10 min, and 1:13 sample-to-solvent ratio for NADES. Additionally, TPC (mg GAE/g), TFC (mg GAE/g), DPPH (%IA), ABTS (%), and FRAP (µM AA equivalent) of optimized extracts were compared. The antimicrobial potential of water, ethanol, and NADES extracts was also investigated against pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and E. coli. Furthermore, the optimized extracts were analysed using U-HPLC, GC-MS, and LC-MS. The results highlight the suitability of microwave-assisted extraction of nettle leaf extract using NADES (ChCl: lactic acid) to obtain an extract with high antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial potential. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-81d5d731481a4c08af1cf069a88d637b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-81d5d731481a4c08af1cf069a88d637b2025-08-20T03:46:01ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111810.1038/s41598-025-09855-6Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Urtica dioica using solvent-based process optimization and characterizationAnjali Sahal0Afzal Hussain1Ritesh Mishra2Sakshi Pandey3Ankita Dobhal4Waseem Ahmad5Vinod Kumar6Umesh Chandra Lohani7Sanjay Kumar8Department of Food Science & Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University)Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityInterdisciplinary Research Division-Smart Healthcare, Indian Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Food Science & Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University)Department of Food Science & Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University)Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University)Department of Food Science & Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University)Advanced Post Harvest Technology Center, Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge CollegeDepartment of Food Science & Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University)Abstract The extraction of bioactive compounds using green technology is a crucial topic for both research and industrys. This present investigation examines the effect of different solvents, i.e., water, ethanol (80%), and NADES (ChCl: lactic acid), during microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from nettle leaves. The RSM-BBD approach was employed with power (300, 450, and 600 W), time (10, 15, and 20 min), and sample-to-solvent ratio (1:10,1:15, and 1:20) in relation to the water, ethanol, and NADES extract’s TPC (mg GAE/g), TFC (mg GAE/g), and DPPH (%IA). The optimum extraction conditions obtained were 300 W, 10 min, and 1:10 sample-to-solvent ratio for water, 300 W, 17 min, and 1:10 sample-to-solvent ratio for ethanol (80%), and 300 W, 10 min, and 1:13 sample-to-solvent ratio for NADES. Additionally, TPC (mg GAE/g), TFC (mg GAE/g), DPPH (%IA), ABTS (%), and FRAP (µM AA equivalent) of optimized extracts were compared. The antimicrobial potential of water, ethanol, and NADES extracts was also investigated against pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and E. coli. Furthermore, the optimized extracts were analysed using U-HPLC, GC-MS, and LC-MS. The results highlight the suitability of microwave-assisted extraction of nettle leaf extract using NADES (ChCl: lactic acid) to obtain an extract with high antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial potential.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09855-6Bioactive compoundsOptimizationAntioxidantsGC-MSLC-MS |
| spellingShingle | Anjali Sahal Afzal Hussain Ritesh Mishra Sakshi Pandey Ankita Dobhal Waseem Ahmad Vinod Kumar Umesh Chandra Lohani Sanjay Kumar Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Urtica dioica using solvent-based process optimization and characterization Scientific Reports Bioactive compounds Optimization Antioxidants GC-MS LC-MS |
| title | Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Urtica dioica using solvent-based process optimization and characterization |
| title_full | Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Urtica dioica using solvent-based process optimization and characterization |
| title_fullStr | Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Urtica dioica using solvent-based process optimization and characterization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Urtica dioica using solvent-based process optimization and characterization |
| title_short | Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Urtica dioica using solvent-based process optimization and characterization |
| title_sort | microwave assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from urtica dioica using solvent based process optimization and characterization |
| topic | Bioactive compounds Optimization Antioxidants GC-MS LC-MS |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09855-6 |
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