On the X-Ray Emission from Supernovae, and Implications for the Mass-Loss Rates of Their Progenitor Stars
We summarize the X-ray emission from young SNe. Having accumulated data on most observed X-ray SNe, we display the X-ray lightcurves of young SNe. We also explore the X-ray spectra of various SN types. The X-ray emission from Type Ib/c SNe is non-thermal. It is also likely that the emission from Typ...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Universe |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/11/5/161 |
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| Summary: | We summarize the X-ray emission from young SNe. Having accumulated data on most observed X-ray SNe, we display the X-ray lightcurves of young SNe. We also explore the X-ray spectra of various SN types. The X-ray emission from Type Ib/c SNe is non-thermal. It is also likely that the emission from Type IIP SNe with low mass-loss rates (around 10<sup>−7</sup> M<sub>⊙</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>) is non-thermal. As the mass-loss rate increases, thermal emission begins to dominate. Type IIn SNe have the highest X-ray luminosities, and are clearly thermal. We do not find evidence of non-thermal emission from Type IIb SNe. The aggregated data are used to obtain approximate mass-loss rates of the progenitor stars of these SNe. Type IIP have progenitors with mass-loss rates <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo><</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mo>⊙</mo></msub><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> yr<sup>−1</sup>, while Type IIn progenitors generally have mass-loss rates <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>></mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mo>⊙</mo></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> yr<sup>−1</sup>. However, we emphasize that the density of the ambient medium is the important parameter, and if it is due to a non-steady outflow solution, it cannot be translated into a mass-loss rate. |
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| ISSN: | 2218-1997 |