Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing
Aim of the StudyTo study the changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing.Materials and MethodsThe contents of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rh1, Rb1, 20-(S)-Rg3, 20-(R)-Rg3, and Rg5 were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Pharmacology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1425794/full |
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| author | Ye Qiu Ye Qiu Ye Qiu Nengyuan Wang Zhe Yu Xiao Guo Ming Yang Ming Yang |
| author_facet | Ye Qiu Ye Qiu Ye Qiu Nengyuan Wang Zhe Yu Xiao Guo Ming Yang Ming Yang |
| author_sort | Ye Qiu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aim of the StudyTo study the changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing.Materials and MethodsThe contents of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rh1, Rb1, 20-(S)-Rg3, 20-(R)-Rg3, and Rg5 were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the percentage of rare saponins was calculated. Furthermore, changes in the contents of reducing sugars and amino acids (i.e., Maillard reaction (MR) substrates) were measured to assess the relationship between processing and the MR. Compounds were identified using HPLC-MS and their cleavage patterns were analyzed. Gene co-expression network bioinformatics techniques were applied to identify the pharmacological mechanism of black ginseng.ResultsThe changes in the physicochemical characteristics of black ginseng during processing were determined based on the MR. Rare saponins accumulated during black ginseng processing. In addition, reducing sugars were produced through polysaccharide pyrolysis and the MR; thus, their content initially increased and then decreased. The amino acid content gradually decreased as the number of evaporation steps increased, indicating that both amino acids and reducing sugars acted as substrates for the MR during black ginseng processing. Thirty-one saponins, 18 sugars, and 58 amino acids were identified based on the MS analysis. Transcriptomics results demonstrated that black ginseng can regulate signaling pathways such as the TNF, IL-17, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways. This finding helps us understand the observed proliferation and differentiation of immune-related cells and positively regulated cell adhesion. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8141a072bfa54b91bbcaadb2f52da7f7 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1663-9812 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Pharmacology |
| spelling | doaj-art-8141a072bfa54b91bbcaadb2f52da7f72025-08-20T02:13:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pharmacology1663-98122024-11-011510.3389/fphar.2024.14257941425794Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processingYe Qiu0Ye Qiu1Ye Qiu2Nengyuan Wang3Zhe Yu4Xiao Guo5Ming Yang6Ming Yang7Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, ChinaNational Pharmaceutical Engineering Centre for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, ChinaDepartment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, ChinaJiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, ChinaNational Pharmaceutical Engineering Centre for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, ChinaAim of the StudyTo study the changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing.Materials and MethodsThe contents of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rh1, Rb1, 20-(S)-Rg3, 20-(R)-Rg3, and Rg5 were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the percentage of rare saponins was calculated. Furthermore, changes in the contents of reducing sugars and amino acids (i.e., Maillard reaction (MR) substrates) were measured to assess the relationship between processing and the MR. Compounds were identified using HPLC-MS and their cleavage patterns were analyzed. Gene co-expression network bioinformatics techniques were applied to identify the pharmacological mechanism of black ginseng.ResultsThe changes in the physicochemical characteristics of black ginseng during processing were determined based on the MR. Rare saponins accumulated during black ginseng processing. In addition, reducing sugars were produced through polysaccharide pyrolysis and the MR; thus, their content initially increased and then decreased. The amino acid content gradually decreased as the number of evaporation steps increased, indicating that both amino acids and reducing sugars acted as substrates for the MR during black ginseng processing. Thirty-one saponins, 18 sugars, and 58 amino acids were identified based on the MS analysis. Transcriptomics results demonstrated that black ginseng can regulate signaling pathways such as the TNF, IL-17, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways. This finding helps us understand the observed proliferation and differentiation of immune-related cells and positively regulated cell adhesion.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1425794/fullblack ginsengginsenosideamino acidsMaillard reactiontranscriptome |
| spellingShingle | Ye Qiu Ye Qiu Ye Qiu Nengyuan Wang Zhe Yu Xiao Guo Ming Yang Ming Yang Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing Frontiers in Pharmacology black ginseng ginsenoside amino acids Maillard reaction transcriptome |
| title | Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing |
| title_full | Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing |
| title_fullStr | Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing |
| title_short | Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing |
| title_sort | changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing |
| topic | black ginseng ginsenoside amino acids Maillard reaction transcriptome |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1425794/full |
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