The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric Applications
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a substantial burden for psychiatric care, affecting approximately one-third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Adolescent populations with depression are a particularly challenging demographic to treat as early intervention is crucial to preven...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/194 |
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| author | Trinh Ha Katarina Jakimier Sean O’Sullivan |
| author_facet | Trinh Ha Katarina Jakimier Sean O’Sullivan |
| author_sort | Trinh Ha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a substantial burden for psychiatric care, affecting approximately one-third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Adolescent populations with depression are a particularly challenging demographic to treat as early intervention is crucial to prevent treatment resistance, but treatment options are limited. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive option for TRD in adults as well as adolescents, offering hope for patients who have not responded to conventional therapies. This review examines the convergence of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as a tool to examine how TMS modulates functional connectivity in adolescents with MDD. Such analyses have led to advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD, TRD, and the mechanisms of TMS. We review this evidence, evaluate methodological approaches, and identify critical gaps in the existing literature, highlighting how neuroimaging-guided TMS protocols offer a promising therapeutic avenue for adolescent TRD, particularly in cases where conventional treatments have proven ineffective. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-80f1522e289a4b68be2c3676fd5f3d6c |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-80f1522e289a4b68be2c3676fd5f3d6c2025-08-20T02:44:45ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252025-02-0115219410.3390/brainsci15020194The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric ApplicationsTrinh Ha0Katarina Jakimier1Sean O’Sullivan2Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell School of Medicine, Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell School of Medicine, Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell School of Medicine, Austin, TX 78712, USATreatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a substantial burden for psychiatric care, affecting approximately one-third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Adolescent populations with depression are a particularly challenging demographic to treat as early intervention is crucial to prevent treatment resistance, but treatment options are limited. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive option for TRD in adults as well as adolescents, offering hope for patients who have not responded to conventional therapies. This review examines the convergence of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as a tool to examine how TMS modulates functional connectivity in adolescents with MDD. Such analyses have led to advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD, TRD, and the mechanisms of TMS. We review this evidence, evaluate methodological approaches, and identify critical gaps in the existing literature, highlighting how neuroimaging-guided TMS protocols offer a promising therapeutic avenue for adolescent TRD, particularly in cases where conventional treatments have proven ineffective.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/194pediatricsdepressiontreatment-resistantfunctional magnetic reasoningmajor depressive disordertranscranial magnetic stimulation |
| spellingShingle | Trinh Ha Katarina Jakimier Sean O’Sullivan The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric Applications Brain Sciences pediatrics depression treatment-resistant functional magnetic reasoning major depressive disorder transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| title | The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric Applications |
| title_full | The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric Applications |
| title_fullStr | The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric Applications |
| title_short | The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric Applications |
| title_sort | use of mri and tms in treatment resistant depression advances in pediatric applications |
| topic | pediatrics depression treatment-resistant functional magnetic reasoning major depressive disorder transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/194 |
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