Electroassisted Incorporation of Ferrocene Within Sol–Gel Silica Films to Enhance Electron Transfer—Part II: Boosting Protein Sensing with Polyelectrolyte-Modified Silica
Silica-modified electrodes possess physicochemical properties that make them valuable in electrochemical sensing and energy-related applications. Although intrinsically insulating, silica thin films can selectively interact with redox species, producing sieving effects that enhance electrochemical r...
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MDPI AG
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| author | Rayane-Ichrak Loughlani Alonso Gamero-Quijano Francisco Montilla |
| author_facet | Rayane-Ichrak Loughlani Alonso Gamero-Quijano Francisco Montilla |
| author_sort | Rayane-Ichrak Loughlani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Silica-modified electrodes possess physicochemical properties that make them valuable in electrochemical sensing and energy-related applications. Although intrinsically insulating, silica thin films can selectively interact with redox species, producing sieving effects that enhance electrochemical responses. We synthesized Class I hybrid silica matrices incorporating either negatively charged poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid) or positively charged poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride). These hybrid films were deposited onto ITO electrodes and evaluated via cyclic voltammetry in aqueous ferrocenium solutions. The polyelectrolyte charge played a key role in the electroassisted incorporation of ferrocene: silica-PSS films promoted accumulation, while silica-PDADMAC films hindered it due to electrostatic repulsion. In situ UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed that only a fraction of the embedded ferrocene was electroactive. Nevertheless, this fraction enabled effective mediated detection of cytochrome c in solution. These findings highlight the crucial role of ionic interactions and hybrid composition in electron transfer to redox proteins, providing valuable insights for the development of advanced bioelectronic sensors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-80d65bcb70594c4cb6e9120aa60cc3c3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-80d65bcb70594c4cb6e9120aa60cc3c32025-08-20T03:36:32ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-08-013015324610.3390/molecules30153246Electroassisted Incorporation of Ferrocene Within Sol–Gel Silica Films to Enhance Electron Transfer—Part II: Boosting Protein Sensing with Polyelectrolyte-Modified SilicaRayane-Ichrak Loughlani0Alonso Gamero-Quijano1Francisco Montilla2Departamento de Química Física, Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente s/n, 03690 Alicante, SpainDepartamento de Química Física, Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente s/n, 03690 Alicante, SpainDepartamento de Química Física, Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente s/n, 03690 Alicante, SpainSilica-modified electrodes possess physicochemical properties that make them valuable in electrochemical sensing and energy-related applications. Although intrinsically insulating, silica thin films can selectively interact with redox species, producing sieving effects that enhance electrochemical responses. We synthesized Class I hybrid silica matrices incorporating either negatively charged poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid) or positively charged poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride). These hybrid films were deposited onto ITO electrodes and evaluated via cyclic voltammetry in aqueous ferrocenium solutions. The polyelectrolyte charge played a key role in the electroassisted incorporation of ferrocene: silica-PSS films promoted accumulation, while silica-PDADMAC films hindered it due to electrostatic repulsion. In situ UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed that only a fraction of the embedded ferrocene was electroactive. Nevertheless, this fraction enabled effective mediated detection of cytochrome c in solution. These findings highlight the crucial role of ionic interactions and hybrid composition in electron transfer to redox proteins, providing valuable insights for the development of advanced bioelectronic sensors.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3246hybrid silica functionalizationferroceneelectroassisted accumulation mediated electron transfercytochrome c |
| spellingShingle | Rayane-Ichrak Loughlani Alonso Gamero-Quijano Francisco Montilla Electroassisted Incorporation of Ferrocene Within Sol–Gel Silica Films to Enhance Electron Transfer—Part II: Boosting Protein Sensing with Polyelectrolyte-Modified Silica Molecules hybrid silica functionalization ferrocene electroassisted accumulation mediated electron transfer cytochrome c |
| title | Electroassisted Incorporation of Ferrocene Within Sol–Gel Silica Films to Enhance Electron Transfer—Part II: Boosting Protein Sensing with Polyelectrolyte-Modified Silica |
| title_full | Electroassisted Incorporation of Ferrocene Within Sol–Gel Silica Films to Enhance Electron Transfer—Part II: Boosting Protein Sensing with Polyelectrolyte-Modified Silica |
| title_fullStr | Electroassisted Incorporation of Ferrocene Within Sol–Gel Silica Films to Enhance Electron Transfer—Part II: Boosting Protein Sensing with Polyelectrolyte-Modified Silica |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electroassisted Incorporation of Ferrocene Within Sol–Gel Silica Films to Enhance Electron Transfer—Part II: Boosting Protein Sensing with Polyelectrolyte-Modified Silica |
| title_short | Electroassisted Incorporation of Ferrocene Within Sol–Gel Silica Films to Enhance Electron Transfer—Part II: Boosting Protein Sensing with Polyelectrolyte-Modified Silica |
| title_sort | electroassisted incorporation of ferrocene within sol gel silica films to enhance electron transfer part ii boosting protein sensing with polyelectrolyte modified silica |
| topic | hybrid silica functionalization ferrocene electroassisted accumulation mediated electron transfer cytochrome c |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3246 |
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