Clinker-Free Cement: A New Reality

The search for binders with a lower environmental impact has grown, especially for those with reduced clinker content or even for formulations not used due to the high CO<sub>2</sub> emissions associated with their production. In this context, the steel industry, which generates a signif...

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Main Authors: Marcel Demarco de Souza Oliveira, Sara de Carvalho Zago, Fernando Vernilli Junior
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11898
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author Marcel Demarco de Souza Oliveira
Sara de Carvalho Zago
Fernando Vernilli Junior
author_facet Marcel Demarco de Souza Oliveira
Sara de Carvalho Zago
Fernando Vernilli Junior
author_sort Marcel Demarco de Souza Oliveira
collection DOAJ
description The search for binders with a lower environmental impact has grown, especially for those with reduced clinker content or even for formulations not used due to the high CO<sub>2</sub> emissions associated with their production. In this context, the steel industry, which generates a significant amount of waste and co-products, especially steel aggregates, such as blast furnace slag and basic oxygen slag, can be a source of raw materials for cement plants. For this reason, in search of an innovative alternative with low environmental impact, in this work, a clinker-free cement was developed by mixing waste from steel and civil construction. The results of this study demonstrated the possibility of producing a Portland clinker-free cement, using only solid waste, through a mixture of steel slag from blast furnaces, basic oxygen slag and gypsum residue from civil construction, presenting hydraulic properties compatible with national cement CPIII-32 and CPII E-32, and the European cement CSS 32.5 N. The cement mixtures were also characterized as resistant to sulfate attack. It was found that the basic oxygen slag acted as an alkaline activator, thus enhancing the hydration process of the mixture of blast furnace slag and gypsum.
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spelling doaj-art-80b6d78c17f84c5ebeb149ae05b71c5e2025-08-20T02:53:27ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-12-0114241189810.3390/app142411898Clinker-Free Cement: A New RealityMarcel Demarco de Souza Oliveira0Sara de Carvalho Zago1Fernando Vernilli Junior2Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, EEL-USP, Lorena 12602-810, BrazilLorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, EEL-USP, Lorena 12602-810, BrazilLorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, EEL-USP, Lorena 12602-810, BrazilThe search for binders with a lower environmental impact has grown, especially for those with reduced clinker content or even for formulations not used due to the high CO<sub>2</sub> emissions associated with their production. In this context, the steel industry, which generates a significant amount of waste and co-products, especially steel aggregates, such as blast furnace slag and basic oxygen slag, can be a source of raw materials for cement plants. For this reason, in search of an innovative alternative with low environmental impact, in this work, a clinker-free cement was developed by mixing waste from steel and civil construction. The results of this study demonstrated the possibility of producing a Portland clinker-free cement, using only solid waste, through a mixture of steel slag from blast furnaces, basic oxygen slag and gypsum residue from civil construction, presenting hydraulic properties compatible with national cement CPIII-32 and CPII E-32, and the European cement CSS 32.5 N. The cement mixtures were also characterized as resistant to sulfate attack. It was found that the basic oxygen slag acted as an alkaline activator, thus enhancing the hydration process of the mixture of blast furnace slag and gypsum.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11898granulated blast furnace slagBOF slagclinker-free cementsolid waste
spellingShingle Marcel Demarco de Souza Oliveira
Sara de Carvalho Zago
Fernando Vernilli Junior
Clinker-Free Cement: A New Reality
Applied Sciences
granulated blast furnace slag
BOF slag
clinker-free cement
solid waste
title Clinker-Free Cement: A New Reality
title_full Clinker-Free Cement: A New Reality
title_fullStr Clinker-Free Cement: A New Reality
title_full_unstemmed Clinker-Free Cement: A New Reality
title_short Clinker-Free Cement: A New Reality
title_sort clinker free cement a new reality
topic granulated blast furnace slag
BOF slag
clinker-free cement
solid waste
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11898
work_keys_str_mv AT marceldemarcodesouzaoliveira clinkerfreecementanewreality
AT saradecarvalhozago clinkerfreecementanewreality
AT fernandovernillijunior clinkerfreecementanewreality