Creep Model of Weakly Cemented Soft Rock Considering Damage and Secondary Development in FLAC3D
The time-dependent deformation control of weakly cemented soft rock in deep underground engineering is a critical scientific issue that directly affects the long-term stability of roadways. Traditional Nishihsara models encounter limitations in accurately capturing the weakening effects of material...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Junhong Huang Shanchao Hu Xuelong Li Shihao Guo Chenxi Zhang Zhihao Gao Jinhao Dou Dawang Yin Yafei Cheng |
| author_facet | Junhong Huang Shanchao Hu Xuelong Li Shihao Guo Chenxi Zhang Zhihao Gao Jinhao Dou Dawang Yin Yafei Cheng |
| author_sort | Junhong Huang |
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| description | The time-dependent deformation control of weakly cemented soft rock in deep underground engineering is a critical scientific issue that directly affects the long-term stability of roadways. Traditional Nishihsara models encounter limitations in accurately capturing the weakening effects of material parameters during rock creep failure and in describing the accelerated creep stage, making them insufficient for analyzing the creep failure mechanisms of weakly cemented surrounding rock. To address these limitations, this study integrates SEM and X-ray scanning results to reveal the microscopic degradation process during creep: under external forces, clay minerals, primarily bonded face-to-face or through cementation, gradually fracture, leading to continuous microcrack propagation and progressive parameter degradation. Based on damage theory, an enhanced Nishihara creep model is proposed, incorporating a time-dependent damage factor to characterize the attenuation of the elastic modulus and a nonlinear winding element connected in series to represent the accelerated creep stage. The corresponding three-dimensional constitutive equations are derived. Using the Levenberg–Marquardt (L-M) algorithm for parameter inversion, the model achieves over 98% fitting accuracy across the full creep stages of weakly cemented soft rock, validating its applicability to other rock types such as salt rock and anthracite. The damage creep model is numerically implemented through secondary development in FLAC3D 6.0, with simulation results showing less than 5% deviation from experimental data and the failure mode is similar. These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation for further understanding the creep behavior of weakly cemented soft rocks. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-80a1fa5287ae4e98a0b5a0ad15d799ed2025-08-20T03:52:57ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-04-01159483810.3390/app15094838Creep Model of Weakly Cemented Soft Rock Considering Damage and Secondary Development in FLAC3DJunhong Huang0Shanchao Hu1Xuelong Li2Shihao Guo3Chenxi Zhang4Zhihao Gao5Jinhao Dou6Dawang Yin7Yafei Cheng8College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaCollege of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaCollege of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaCollege of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaCollege of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, ChinaCollege of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaCollege of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaCollege of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaCollege of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, ChinaThe time-dependent deformation control of weakly cemented soft rock in deep underground engineering is a critical scientific issue that directly affects the long-term stability of roadways. Traditional Nishihsara models encounter limitations in accurately capturing the weakening effects of material parameters during rock creep failure and in describing the accelerated creep stage, making them insufficient for analyzing the creep failure mechanisms of weakly cemented surrounding rock. To address these limitations, this study integrates SEM and X-ray scanning results to reveal the microscopic degradation process during creep: under external forces, clay minerals, primarily bonded face-to-face or through cementation, gradually fracture, leading to continuous microcrack propagation and progressive parameter degradation. Based on damage theory, an enhanced Nishihara creep model is proposed, incorporating a time-dependent damage factor to characterize the attenuation of the elastic modulus and a nonlinear winding element connected in series to represent the accelerated creep stage. The corresponding three-dimensional constitutive equations are derived. Using the Levenberg–Marquardt (L-M) algorithm for parameter inversion, the model achieves over 98% fitting accuracy across the full creep stages of weakly cemented soft rock, validating its applicability to other rock types such as salt rock and anthracite. The damage creep model is numerically implemented through secondary development in FLAC3D 6.0, with simulation results showing less than 5% deviation from experimental data and the failure mode is similar. These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation for further understanding the creep behavior of weakly cemented soft rocks.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/4838weakly cemented soft rockcreepconstitutive modeldamage |
| spellingShingle | Junhong Huang Shanchao Hu Xuelong Li Shihao Guo Chenxi Zhang Zhihao Gao Jinhao Dou Dawang Yin Yafei Cheng Creep Model of Weakly Cemented Soft Rock Considering Damage and Secondary Development in FLAC3D Applied Sciences weakly cemented soft rock creep constitutive model damage |
| title | Creep Model of Weakly Cemented Soft Rock Considering Damage and Secondary Development in FLAC3D |
| title_full | Creep Model of Weakly Cemented Soft Rock Considering Damage and Secondary Development in FLAC3D |
| title_fullStr | Creep Model of Weakly Cemented Soft Rock Considering Damage and Secondary Development in FLAC3D |
| title_full_unstemmed | Creep Model of Weakly Cemented Soft Rock Considering Damage and Secondary Development in FLAC3D |
| title_short | Creep Model of Weakly Cemented Soft Rock Considering Damage and Secondary Development in FLAC3D |
| title_sort | creep model of weakly cemented soft rock considering damage and secondary development in flac3d |
| topic | weakly cemented soft rock creep constitutive model damage |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/4838 |
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