Research the therapeutic, physicochemical, and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in Tribulus terrestris (TT)

Introduction: Tribulus terrestris is rich in bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which have been researched for their therapeutic properties. Its diuretic effects can help with hypertension and edema, its aphrodisiac properties can aid sexual function, and its antilithic...

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Main Authors: Roohallah Yousefi, Ali Jamshidi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 2024-10-01
Series:Reviews in Clinical Medicine
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Online Access:https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_25303_250ae93b00db5a0e8493de04ae81c031.pdf
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author Roohallah Yousefi
Ali Jamshidi
author_facet Roohallah Yousefi
Ali Jamshidi
author_sort Roohallah Yousefi
collection DOAJ
description Introduction: Tribulus terrestris is rich in bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which have been researched for their therapeutic properties. Its diuretic effects can help with hypertension and edema, its aphrodisiac properties can aid sexual function, and its antilithic properties can prevent kidney stone formation. The physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics of Tribulus terrestris are currently being studied.Methods and Materials: We utilized the PubChem database to gather data on the studied compounds, including their formulas and structures. Subsequently, we employed SwissADME software to assess the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of these compounds in Tribulus terrestris (TT).Results and Discussion: Steroidal saponins and sterols exhibit varying solubility levels in physiological fluids due to their hydrophobic nature and glycosylation patterns. Flavonoids, on the other hand, demonstrate favorable solubility. Compounds like (25R)-Spirosta-3,5-dien, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol have low polarity, whereas Terrestrosin K, Terrestrosin F, Terrestroside B, Protodioscin, and Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside can form more hydrogen bonds. Steroidal saponins are more readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Kaempferol, chrysin, and quercetin show inhibitory effects on specific cytochrome P450 enzymes. β-sitosterol and stigmasterol have high rates of skin absorption. The bioavailability score ranges from 0.11 to 0.55, and synthetic accessibility scores are generally high.Conclusion: The steroidal saponins and flavonoids found in Tribulus terrestris show therapeutic potential for conditions such as hypertension, edema, and sexual dysfunction. Many of them possess favorable pharmaceutical properties for clinical use.
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spelling doaj-art-802763ea50604eb480357a668ed4eabb2025-08-20T03:17:56ZengMashhad University of Medical SciencesReviews in Clinical Medicine2345-62562345-68922024-10-01113415510.22038/rcm.2024.81603.150125303Research the therapeutic, physicochemical, and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in Tribulus terrestris (TT)Roohallah Yousefi0Ali Jamshidi1Behbahan faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, IranIntroduction: Tribulus terrestris is rich in bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which have been researched for their therapeutic properties. Its diuretic effects can help with hypertension and edema, its aphrodisiac properties can aid sexual function, and its antilithic properties can prevent kidney stone formation. The physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics of Tribulus terrestris are currently being studied.Methods and Materials: We utilized the PubChem database to gather data on the studied compounds, including their formulas and structures. Subsequently, we employed SwissADME software to assess the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of these compounds in Tribulus terrestris (TT).Results and Discussion: Steroidal saponins and sterols exhibit varying solubility levels in physiological fluids due to their hydrophobic nature and glycosylation patterns. Flavonoids, on the other hand, demonstrate favorable solubility. Compounds like (25R)-Spirosta-3,5-dien, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol have low polarity, whereas Terrestrosin K, Terrestrosin F, Terrestroside B, Protodioscin, and Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside can form more hydrogen bonds. Steroidal saponins are more readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Kaempferol, chrysin, and quercetin show inhibitory effects on specific cytochrome P450 enzymes. β-sitosterol and stigmasterol have high rates of skin absorption. The bioavailability score ranges from 0.11 to 0.55, and synthetic accessibility scores are generally high.Conclusion: The steroidal saponins and flavonoids found in Tribulus terrestris show therapeutic potential for conditions such as hypertension, edema, and sexual dysfunction. Many of them possess favorable pharmaceutical properties for clinical use.https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_25303_250ae93b00db5a0e8493de04ae81c031.pdftribulus terrestrissaponinsflavonoidspharmacological activities
spellingShingle Roohallah Yousefi
Ali Jamshidi
Research the therapeutic, physicochemical, and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in Tribulus terrestris (TT)
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
tribulus terrestris
saponins
flavonoids
pharmacological activities
title Research the therapeutic, physicochemical, and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in Tribulus terrestris (TT)
title_full Research the therapeutic, physicochemical, and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in Tribulus terrestris (TT)
title_fullStr Research the therapeutic, physicochemical, and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in Tribulus terrestris (TT)
title_full_unstemmed Research the therapeutic, physicochemical, and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in Tribulus terrestris (TT)
title_short Research the therapeutic, physicochemical, and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in Tribulus terrestris (TT)
title_sort research the therapeutic physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in tribulus terrestris tt
topic tribulus terrestris
saponins
flavonoids
pharmacological activities
url https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_25303_250ae93b00db5a0e8493de04ae81c031.pdf
work_keys_str_mv AT roohallahyousefi researchthetherapeuticphysicochemicalandpharmaceuticalpropertiesoftheactivecompoundsfoundintribulusterrestristt
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