NH3 release during the evaporation of different types of atmospheric precipitation: A case study in Changchun, China
Abstract Ammonia (NH3) is a key precursor of secondary inorganic aerosols. During precipitation, NH3 in the atmosphere can be captured by rain and converted to NH4 +, whereas during evaporation, NH4 + can become NH3 and be released again. The northeastern region of China experiences diverse precipit...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15872-2 |
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| author | Xiaoteng Liu Yingying Xu Hongsheng Jia Yunze Zhao Haodong Hou Yachao Zhang |
| author_facet | Xiaoteng Liu Yingying Xu Hongsheng Jia Yunze Zhao Haodong Hou Yachao Zhang |
| author_sort | Xiaoteng Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Ammonia (NH3) is a key precursor of secondary inorganic aerosols. During precipitation, NH3 in the atmosphere can be captured by rain and converted to NH4 +, whereas during evaporation, NH4 + can become NH3 and be released again. The northeastern region of China experiences diverse precipitation types, making the study of the NH3 release flux and its influencing factors during evaporation highly significant. In this study, precipitation samples of haze (HZ), dust (DS), convective (CC), and monsoon (MN) events were collected three times in Changchun from March to September 2024 (a total of twelve rain events), and indoor simulation evaporation experiments were conducted. The results revealed significant differences in the NH4 + conversion rate (R), NH3 release flux (F) and release rate (V) across the precipitation types (P < 0.05). The NH3 flux released from precipitation evaporation was 20.33 µg/m2 in spring and 64.53 µg/m2 in summer, accounting for approximately 4.14% and 7.70%, respectively, of the corresponding atmospheric NH3 concentrations. Meteorological factors influenced NH3 release similarly across precipitation types. R peaked and then decreased with increasing temperature and was significantly negatively correlated with wind speed and precipitation amount (P < 0.05). In addition, this study calculates the temperature coefficient (K 1 ), wind speed coefficient (K 2 ), and precipitation amount coefficient (K 3 ) by considering these factors. These findings provide valuable insights for estimating NH3 release fluxes from precipitation evaporation in different regions. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-800d359c837148c19130d42a42db5ca62025-08-24T11:22:34ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-15872-2NH3 release during the evaporation of different types of atmospheric precipitation: A case study in Changchun, ChinaXiaoteng Liu0Yingying Xu1Hongsheng Jia2Yunze Zhao3Haodong Hou4Yachao Zhang5Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu UniversityKey Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu UniversityKey Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu UniversityKey Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu UniversityKey Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu UniversityKey Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu UniversityAbstract Ammonia (NH3) is a key precursor of secondary inorganic aerosols. During precipitation, NH3 in the atmosphere can be captured by rain and converted to NH4 +, whereas during evaporation, NH4 + can become NH3 and be released again. The northeastern region of China experiences diverse precipitation types, making the study of the NH3 release flux and its influencing factors during evaporation highly significant. In this study, precipitation samples of haze (HZ), dust (DS), convective (CC), and monsoon (MN) events were collected three times in Changchun from March to September 2024 (a total of twelve rain events), and indoor simulation evaporation experiments were conducted. The results revealed significant differences in the NH4 + conversion rate (R), NH3 release flux (F) and release rate (V) across the precipitation types (P < 0.05). The NH3 flux released from precipitation evaporation was 20.33 µg/m2 in spring and 64.53 µg/m2 in summer, accounting for approximately 4.14% and 7.70%, respectively, of the corresponding atmospheric NH3 concentrations. Meteorological factors influenced NH3 release similarly across precipitation types. R peaked and then decreased with increasing temperature and was significantly negatively correlated with wind speed and precipitation amount (P < 0.05). In addition, this study calculates the temperature coefficient (K 1 ), wind speed coefficient (K 2 ), and precipitation amount coefficient (K 3 ) by considering these factors. These findings provide valuable insights for estimating NH3 release fluxes from precipitation evaporation in different regions.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15872-2Rainwater evaporation, NH3 release flux, Precipitation types, Influencing factors of NH3 evaporation, Conversion rate correction |
| spellingShingle | Xiaoteng Liu Yingying Xu Hongsheng Jia Yunze Zhao Haodong Hou Yachao Zhang NH3 release during the evaporation of different types of atmospheric precipitation: A case study in Changchun, China Scientific Reports Rainwater evaporation, NH3 release flux, Precipitation types, Influencing factors of NH3 evaporation, Conversion rate correction |
| title | NH3 release during the evaporation of different types of atmospheric precipitation: A case study in Changchun, China |
| title_full | NH3 release during the evaporation of different types of atmospheric precipitation: A case study in Changchun, China |
| title_fullStr | NH3 release during the evaporation of different types of atmospheric precipitation: A case study in Changchun, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | NH3 release during the evaporation of different types of atmospheric precipitation: A case study in Changchun, China |
| title_short | NH3 release during the evaporation of different types of atmospheric precipitation: A case study in Changchun, China |
| title_sort | nh3 release during the evaporation of different types of atmospheric precipitation a case study in changchun china |
| topic | Rainwater evaporation, NH3 release flux, Precipitation types, Influencing factors of NH3 evaporation, Conversion rate correction |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15872-2 |
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