Impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning on PM<sub>2.5</sub> over northern India: optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation network
<p><span id="page7138"/>The impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning (CRB) on surface PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> concentrations over the Punjab–Haryana–Delhi (PHD) region in northern India was investigated using a r...
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Copernicus Publications
2025-07-01
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| author | M. Kajino M. Kajino M. Kajino K. Ishijima J. Ching J. Ching K. Yamaji K. Yamaji R. Ishikawa R. Ishikawa T. Kajikawa T. Kajikawa T. Singh T. Nakayama T. Nakayama Y. Matsumi Y. Matsumi K. Kojima K. Kojima T. Machida T. Machida T. Maki P. K. Patra P. K. Patra S. Hayashida S. Hayashida |
| author_facet | M. Kajino M. Kajino M. Kajino K. Ishijima J. Ching J. Ching K. Yamaji K. Yamaji R. Ishikawa R. Ishikawa T. Kajikawa T. Kajikawa T. Singh T. Nakayama T. Nakayama Y. Matsumi Y. Matsumi K. Kojima K. Kojima T. Machida T. Machida T. Maki P. K. Patra P. K. Patra S. Hayashida S. Hayashida |
| author_sort | M. Kajino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p><span id="page7138"/>The impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning (CRB) on surface PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> concentrations over the Punjab–Haryana–Delhi (PHD) region in northern India was investigated using a regional meteorology–chemistry model, NHM(WRF)-Chem, and a high-density in situ surface observation network comprising Compact and Useful PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> Instrument with Gas Sensors (CUPI-G) stations. We optimized CRB emissions from 1 to 15 November 2022 using the model and surface PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> observational data. The CUPI-G data from Punjab were found to be crucial for CRB emission optimization, as the CRB emissions in northern India in October and November are predominantly originating from Punjab, accounting for 80 % of the CRB emissions. The new emission inventory is referred to as OFEv1.0, with 12 h time resolution, in daytime (05:30–17:30 IST) and nighttime (17:30–05:30 IST). The total emissions in OFEv1.0, such as PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>, CO, organic carbon, and black carbon, were consistent with previous studies. OFEv1.0 substantially increased emissions relative to those calculated from satellite fire observation data (prior emissions). We showed that the prior PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> emissions were underestimated by approximately 8.6 times in the period 1–15 November 2022 and sometimes obscured completely due to clouds or thick smoke/haze on 8 and 10 November 2022. Large differences in optimized daytime and nighttime emissions indicated the importance of diurnal variations. Daytime emissions were larger than nighttime emissions on some days but not on others, indicating that diurnal variation shape may have differed each day. The mean contribution of CRB to surface PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> over PHD was 30 %–34 %, which increased to 50 %–56 % during plume events that transported pollutants from Punjab to Haryana and to Delhi. Due to insufficient performance of the meteorological model simulation on 8 and 9 November 2022 and the lack of measurement sites on the southern side of Punjab, emission optimization was not successful in the case of increased PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> concentrations observed in Haryana on these days.</p> |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
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| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj-art-7fa541b7d2594072aa56cc1a318a519a2025-08-20T02:39:24ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242025-07-01257137716010.5194/acp-25-7137-2025Impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning on PM<sub>2.5</sub> over northern India: optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation networkM. Kajino0M. Kajino1M. Kajino2K. Ishijima3J. Ching4J. Ching5K. Yamaji6K. Yamaji7R. Ishikawa8R. Ishikawa9T. Kajikawa10T. Kajikawa11T. Singh12T. Nakayama13T. Nakayama14Y. Matsumi15Y. Matsumi16K. Kojima17K. Kojima18T. Machida19T. Machida20T. Maki21P. K. Patra22P. K. Patra23S. Hayashida24S. Hayashida25Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, JapanFaculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, JapanMeteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, JapanResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, JapanDepartment of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, JapanGraduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 6580022, JapanMeteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, JapanGraduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanMeteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, JapanGraduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanShaheed Captain Vikram Batra Government College, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, IndiaResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, JapanFaculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, JapanResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, JapanInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanMeteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, JapanGraduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanMeteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, JapanGraduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanMeteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, JapanResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, JapanJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, JapanResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, JapanFaculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, Nara 630-8263, Japan<p><span id="page7138"/>The impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning (CRB) on surface PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> concentrations over the Punjab–Haryana–Delhi (PHD) region in northern India was investigated using a regional meteorology–chemistry model, NHM(WRF)-Chem, and a high-density in situ surface observation network comprising Compact and Useful PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> Instrument with Gas Sensors (CUPI-G) stations. We optimized CRB emissions from 1 to 15 November 2022 using the model and surface PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> observational data. The CUPI-G data from Punjab were found to be crucial for CRB emission optimization, as the CRB emissions in northern India in October and November are predominantly originating from Punjab, accounting for 80 % of the CRB emissions. The new emission inventory is referred to as OFEv1.0, with 12 h time resolution, in daytime (05:30–17:30 IST) and nighttime (17:30–05:30 IST). The total emissions in OFEv1.0, such as PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>, CO, organic carbon, and black carbon, were consistent with previous studies. OFEv1.0 substantially increased emissions relative to those calculated from satellite fire observation data (prior emissions). We showed that the prior PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> emissions were underestimated by approximately 8.6 times in the period 1–15 November 2022 and sometimes obscured completely due to clouds or thick smoke/haze on 8 and 10 November 2022. Large differences in optimized daytime and nighttime emissions indicated the importance of diurnal variations. Daytime emissions were larger than nighttime emissions on some days but not on others, indicating that diurnal variation shape may have differed each day. The mean contribution of CRB to surface PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> over PHD was 30 %–34 %, which increased to 50 %–56 % during plume events that transported pollutants from Punjab to Haryana and to Delhi. Due to insufficient performance of the meteorological model simulation on 8 and 9 November 2022 and the lack of measurement sites on the southern side of Punjab, emission optimization was not successful in the case of increased PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> concentrations observed in Haryana on these days.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/25/7137/2025/acp-25-7137-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | M. Kajino M. Kajino M. Kajino K. Ishijima J. Ching J. Ching K. Yamaji K. Yamaji R. Ishikawa R. Ishikawa T. Kajikawa T. Kajikawa T. Singh T. Nakayama T. Nakayama Y. Matsumi Y. Matsumi K. Kojima K. Kojima T. Machida T. Machida T. Maki P. K. Patra P. K. Patra S. Hayashida S. Hayashida Impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning on PM<sub>2.5</sub> over northern India: optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation network Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning on PM<sub>2.5</sub> over northern India: optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation network |
| title_full | Impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning on PM<sub>2.5</sub> over northern India: optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation network |
| title_fullStr | Impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning on PM<sub>2.5</sub> over northern India: optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation network |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning on PM<sub>2.5</sub> over northern India: optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation network |
| title_short | Impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning on PM<sub>2.5</sub> over northern India: optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation network |
| title_sort | impact of post monsoon crop residue burning on pm sub 2 5 sub over northern india optimizing emissions using a high density in situ surface observation network |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/25/7137/2025/acp-25-7137-2025.pdf |
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