exoALMA. XIV. Gas Surface Densities in the RX J1604.3−2130 A Disk from Pressure-broadened CO Line Wings
Gas surface density is one of the most relevant physical quantities in protoplanetary disks. However, its precise measurement remains highly challenging due to the lack of a direct tracer. In this study, we report the spatially resolved detection of pressure-broadened line wings in the CO J = 3–2 l...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Tomohiro C. Yoshida Pietro Curone Jochen Stadler Stefano Facchini Richard Teague Munetake Momose Sean M. Andrews Jaehan Bae Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro Myriam Benisty Gianni Cataldi Daniele Fasano Mario Flock Misato Fukagawa Maria Galloway-Sprietsma Himanshi Garg Cassandra Hall Jane Huang John D. Ilee Andrés F. Izquierdo Kazuhiro Kanagawa Geoffroy Lesur Cristiano Longarini Ryan A. Loomis Ryuta Orihara Christophe Pinte Daniel J. Price Giovanni Rosotti Hsi-Wei Yen Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez David J. Wilner Andrew J. Winter Lisa Wölfer Brianna Zawadzki |
| author_facet | Tomohiro C. Yoshida Pietro Curone Jochen Stadler Stefano Facchini Richard Teague Munetake Momose Sean M. Andrews Jaehan Bae Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro Myriam Benisty Gianni Cataldi Daniele Fasano Mario Flock Misato Fukagawa Maria Galloway-Sprietsma Himanshi Garg Cassandra Hall Jane Huang John D. Ilee Andrés F. Izquierdo Kazuhiro Kanagawa Geoffroy Lesur Cristiano Longarini Ryan A. Loomis Ryuta Orihara Christophe Pinte Daniel J. Price Giovanni Rosotti Hsi-Wei Yen Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez David J. Wilner Andrew J. Winter Lisa Wölfer Brianna Zawadzki |
| author_sort | Tomohiro C. Yoshida |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gas surface density is one of the most relevant physical quantities in protoplanetary disks. However, its precise measurement remains highly challenging due to the lack of a direct tracer. In this study, we report the spatially resolved detection of pressure-broadened line wings in the CO J = 3–2 line in the RX J1604.3−2130 A transition disk as part of the exoALMA large program. Since pressure-broadened line wings are sensitive to the total gas volume density, we robustly constrain the radial dependence of the gas surface density and midplane pressure in the region located 50–110 au from the central star, which encompasses the dust ring of the system. The peak radius of the midplane pressure profile matches the dust ring radial location, directly proving radial dust trapping at a gas pressure maximum. The peak gas surface density is 18–44 g cm ^−2 and decreases at radii interior to and exterior of the dust ring. A comparison of the gas and dust surface densities suggests that the disk turbulence is as low as α _turb ∼ 2 × 10 ^−4 . Despite dust trapping, the gas-to-dust surface density ratio at the ring peak is 70–400, which implies already-formed protoplanets and/or less efficient dust trapping. The gas surface density drop at radii interior to the ring is consistent with a gas gap induced by a Jupiter-mass planet. The total gas mass within 50 < r < 110 au is estimated to be ∼0.05–0.1 M _⊙ (50–100 M _Jup ), suggesting that planetary system formation is possible. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-7f9956a006b44ce283cfe697ea84cf3f2025-08-20T03:19:02ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052025-01-019841L1910.3847/2041-8213/adc42fexoALMA. XIV. Gas Surface Densities in the RX J1604.3−2130 A Disk from Pressure-broadened CO Line WingsTomohiro C. Yoshida0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-8473Pietro Curone1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2045-2154Jochen Stadler2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0491-143XStefano Facchini3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-2684Richard Teague4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-5186Munetake Momose5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-0897Sean M. Andrews6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-2270Jaehan Bae7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-770XMarcelo Barraza-Alfaro8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-7873Myriam Benisty9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7695-7605Gianni Cataldi10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2700-9676Daniele Fasano11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4679-4072Mario Flock12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-3029Misato Fukagawa13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-9213Maria Galloway-Sprietsma14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-5476Himanshi Garg15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-4598Cassandra Hall16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-0425Jane Huang17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-6072John D. Ilee18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1008-1142Andrés F. Izquierdo19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8446-3026Kazuhiro Kanagawa20https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-2417Geoffroy Lesur21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-9435Cristiano Longarini22https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4663-0318Ryan A. Loomis23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8932-1219Ryuta Orihara24https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4039-8933Christophe Pinte25https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5907-5179Daniel J. Price26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4716-4235Giovanni Rosotti27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4853-5736Hsi-Wei Yen28https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1412-893XGaylor Wafflard-Fernandez29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3468-9577David J. Wilner30https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1526-7587Andrew J. Winter31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7501-9801Lisa Wölfer32https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7212-2416Brianna Zawadzki33https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9319-1296National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; tomohiroyoshida.astro@gmail.com; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, ChileLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur , CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, 06304 Nice, FranceDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USACollege of Science, Ibaraki University , 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, JapanCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USADepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USALaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur , CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, 06304 Nice, France; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; tomohiroyoshida.astro@gmail.comLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur , CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, 06304 Nice, FranceMax-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; tomohiroyoshida.astro@gmail.comDepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800, AustraliaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602, USA; Center for Simulational Physics, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602, USA; Institute for Artificial Intelligence, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602, USADepartment of Astronomy, Columbia University , 538 W. 120th Street, Pupin Hall, New York, NY, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, UKDepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, GermanyCollege of Science, Ibaraki University , 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, JapanUniv. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, CB3 0HA, Cambridge, UKNational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USACollege of Science, Ibaraki University , 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, JapanSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800, Australia; Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800, AustraliaDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyAcademia Sinica Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics , 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, TaiwanUniv. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USALaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur , CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, 06304 Nice, France; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USADepartment of Astronomy, Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University , 96 Foss Hill Drive, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USAGas surface density is one of the most relevant physical quantities in protoplanetary disks. However, its precise measurement remains highly challenging due to the lack of a direct tracer. In this study, we report the spatially resolved detection of pressure-broadened line wings in the CO J = 3–2 line in the RX J1604.3−2130 A transition disk as part of the exoALMA large program. Since pressure-broadened line wings are sensitive to the total gas volume density, we robustly constrain the radial dependence of the gas surface density and midplane pressure in the region located 50–110 au from the central star, which encompasses the dust ring of the system. The peak radius of the midplane pressure profile matches the dust ring radial location, directly proving radial dust trapping at a gas pressure maximum. The peak gas surface density is 18–44 g cm ^−2 and decreases at radii interior to and exterior of the dust ring. A comparison of the gas and dust surface densities suggests that the disk turbulence is as low as α _turb ∼ 2 × 10 ^−4 . Despite dust trapping, the gas-to-dust surface density ratio at the ring peak is 70–400, which implies already-formed protoplanets and/or less efficient dust trapping. The gas surface density drop at radii interior to the ring is consistent with a gas gap induced by a Jupiter-mass planet. The total gas mass within 50 < r < 110 au is estimated to be ∼0.05–0.1 M _⊙ (50–100 M _Jup ), suggesting that planetary system formation is possible.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc42fProtoplanetary disksPlanet formation |
| spellingShingle | Tomohiro C. Yoshida Pietro Curone Jochen Stadler Stefano Facchini Richard Teague Munetake Momose Sean M. Andrews Jaehan Bae Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro Myriam Benisty Gianni Cataldi Daniele Fasano Mario Flock Misato Fukagawa Maria Galloway-Sprietsma Himanshi Garg Cassandra Hall Jane Huang John D. Ilee Andrés F. Izquierdo Kazuhiro Kanagawa Geoffroy Lesur Cristiano Longarini Ryan A. Loomis Ryuta Orihara Christophe Pinte Daniel J. Price Giovanni Rosotti Hsi-Wei Yen Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez David J. Wilner Andrew J. Winter Lisa Wölfer Brianna Zawadzki exoALMA. XIV. Gas Surface Densities in the RX J1604.3−2130 A Disk from Pressure-broadened CO Line Wings The Astrophysical Journal Letters Protoplanetary disks Planet formation |
| title | exoALMA. XIV. Gas Surface Densities in the RX J1604.3−2130 A Disk from Pressure-broadened CO Line Wings |
| title_full | exoALMA. XIV. Gas Surface Densities in the RX J1604.3−2130 A Disk from Pressure-broadened CO Line Wings |
| title_fullStr | exoALMA. XIV. Gas Surface Densities in the RX J1604.3−2130 A Disk from Pressure-broadened CO Line Wings |
| title_full_unstemmed | exoALMA. XIV. Gas Surface Densities in the RX J1604.3−2130 A Disk from Pressure-broadened CO Line Wings |
| title_short | exoALMA. XIV. Gas Surface Densities in the RX J1604.3−2130 A Disk from Pressure-broadened CO Line Wings |
| title_sort | exoalma xiv gas surface densities in the rx j1604 3 2130 a disk from pressure broadened co line wings |
| topic | Protoplanetary disks Planet formation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc42f |
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