Proximate Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Leaf Extracts from Seven <i>Viola</i> Species
<i>Viola</i>, an edible wild plant, is valued for its distinctive flavor and health-promoting properties. This study examines the proximate composition, bioactive compounds, and in vitro biological activities of seven <i>Viola</i> leaves (<i>Viola prionantha</i>,...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Guangnian Zeng Xingfan Li Chunbo Zhao Yongkang Pang Xiongfei Luo Zhonghua Tang |
| author_facet | Guangnian Zeng Xingfan Li Chunbo Zhao Yongkang Pang Xiongfei Luo Zhonghua Tang |
| author_sort | Guangnian Zeng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Viola</i>, an edible wild plant, is valued for its distinctive flavor and health-promoting properties. This study examines the proximate composition, bioactive compounds, and in vitro biological activities of seven <i>Viola</i> leaves (<i>Viola prionantha</i>, <i>Viola collina</i>, <i>Viola acuminata</i>, <i>Viola variegata</i>, <i>Viola tokubuchiana</i> var. <i>takedana</i>, <i>Viola mirabilis,</i> and <i>Viola philippica</i>). Findings reveal that the leaves of the seven <i>Viola</i> species are rich in phenolic compounds (131.13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g fresh weight (FW)–384.80 mg GAE/100 g FW), flavonoids (13.09 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/100 g FW–40.08 mg RE/100 g FW), fatty acids (palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and α-linolenic acid), and essential minerals, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The leaf extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (84.17%) and pancreatic lipase (77.54%) at a concentration of 1 g of extract per milliliter of solution. Additionally, the biological activity of <i>Viola</i> leaves, particularly their antioxidant capacity, is associated with their phenolic and flavonoid content, with caffeic acid contributing up to 35.2% of the total phenolic acids and isoquercitrin being one of the most bioavailable flavonoids. These results indicate that <i>Viola</i> offers potential notable health benefits, presenting a valuable addition to enhancing modern dietary patterns and overall health. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj-art-7ee915b86e7f44a69a87def8b1402a6c2025-01-24T13:33:12ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582025-01-0114230210.3390/foods14020302Proximate Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Leaf Extracts from Seven <i>Viola</i> SpeciesGuangnian Zeng0Xingfan Li1Chunbo Zhao2Yongkang Pang3Xiongfei Luo4Zhonghua Tang5College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China<i>Viola</i>, an edible wild plant, is valued for its distinctive flavor and health-promoting properties. This study examines the proximate composition, bioactive compounds, and in vitro biological activities of seven <i>Viola</i> leaves (<i>Viola prionantha</i>, <i>Viola collina</i>, <i>Viola acuminata</i>, <i>Viola variegata</i>, <i>Viola tokubuchiana</i> var. <i>takedana</i>, <i>Viola mirabilis,</i> and <i>Viola philippica</i>). Findings reveal that the leaves of the seven <i>Viola</i> species are rich in phenolic compounds (131.13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g fresh weight (FW)–384.80 mg GAE/100 g FW), flavonoids (13.09 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/100 g FW–40.08 mg RE/100 g FW), fatty acids (palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and α-linolenic acid), and essential minerals, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The leaf extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (84.17%) and pancreatic lipase (77.54%) at a concentration of 1 g of extract per milliliter of solution. Additionally, the biological activity of <i>Viola</i> leaves, particularly their antioxidant capacity, is associated with their phenolic and flavonoid content, with caffeic acid contributing up to 35.2% of the total phenolic acids and isoquercitrin being one of the most bioavailable flavonoids. These results indicate that <i>Viola</i> offers potential notable health benefits, presenting a valuable addition to enhancing modern dietary patterns and overall health.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/2/302wild edible plant<i>Viola</i>proximate compositionphenolic compoundscoumarinsbioactive properties |
| spellingShingle | Guangnian Zeng Xingfan Li Chunbo Zhao Yongkang Pang Xiongfei Luo Zhonghua Tang Proximate Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Leaf Extracts from Seven <i>Viola</i> Species Foods wild edible plant <i>Viola</i> proximate composition phenolic compounds coumarins bioactive properties |
| title | Proximate Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Leaf Extracts from Seven <i>Viola</i> Species |
| title_full | Proximate Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Leaf Extracts from Seven <i>Viola</i> Species |
| title_fullStr | Proximate Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Leaf Extracts from Seven <i>Viola</i> Species |
| title_full_unstemmed | Proximate Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Leaf Extracts from Seven <i>Viola</i> Species |
| title_short | Proximate Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Leaf Extracts from Seven <i>Viola</i> Species |
| title_sort | proximate composition and in vitro bioactive properties of leaf extracts from seven i viola i species |
| topic | wild edible plant <i>Viola</i> proximate composition phenolic compounds coumarins bioactive properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/2/302 |
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