Study of height-spread sporadic-E layers observed in the South American Magnetic Anomaly
Spread echoes from the E-region observed in ionograms obtained at high latitudes are generally classified as auroral sporadic-E (Esa) layers. These layers have also been detected in nighttime ionograms collected at some ionospheric stations in the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) region in Bra...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2025.1535186/full |
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| author | Juliano Moro Juliano Moro Jiyao Xu José Valentin Bageston Lígia Alves da Silva Lígia Alves da Silva Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende Clezio Marcos De Nardin Vânia Fátima Andrioli Vânia Fátima Andrioli Angela Machado Santos Angela Machado Santos Giorgio Arlan da Silva Picanço Hui Li Liu Zhengkuan Chi Wang Nelson Jorge Schuch |
| author_facet | Juliano Moro Juliano Moro Jiyao Xu José Valentin Bageston Lígia Alves da Silva Lígia Alves da Silva Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende Clezio Marcos De Nardin Vânia Fátima Andrioli Vânia Fátima Andrioli Angela Machado Santos Angela Machado Santos Giorgio Arlan da Silva Picanço Hui Li Liu Zhengkuan Chi Wang Nelson Jorge Schuch |
| author_sort | Juliano Moro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spread echoes from the E-region observed in ionograms obtained at high latitudes are generally classified as auroral sporadic-E (Esa) layers. These layers have also been detected in nighttime ionograms collected at some ionospheric stations in the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) region in Brazil during the recovery phases of geomagnetic storms. However, similar echoes have also been observed in the SAMA during geomagnetically quiet periods or daytime, which are not caused by energetic particle precipitation. Therefore, investigating the occurrence of these spread echoes over a longer period, rather than focusing solely on case studies, has become important. Thus, this study aims to analyze the occurrences of spread echoes from the E-region, referred to here for the first time as “Height-Spread Es (HSEs) layers.” The analysis is based on Digisonde data obtained at the Santa Maria station (29.7° S, 53.8° W, ∼22.000 nT) in Brazil over 1 year (2019/2020). The study initially presents examples of these traces on ionograms and then examines their occurrence rates over several time intervals (hours, months, seasons). Among other findings, the statistical analysis reveals that the occurrence rate of HSEs layers is 9.8% during the analyzed period. The HSEs layers appeared predominantly at night and under geomagnetically quiet conditions. Most HSEs layers lasted between 1 h and 3 h 30 min, with a peak incidence during November, December, and January. Finally, the study discusses the most likely mechanisms responsible for HSEs layer formation, considering the geomagnetic conditions and time of their detection on ionograms. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7ec472816d2841889cb357bab7eb1ea7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-987X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-7ec472816d2841889cb357bab7eb1ea72025-01-28T06:41:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences2296-987X2025-01-011210.3389/fspas.2025.15351861535186Study of height-spread sporadic-E layers observed in the South American Magnetic AnomalyJuliano Moro0Juliano Moro1Jiyao Xu2José Valentin Bageston3Lígia Alves da Silva4Lígia Alves da Silva5Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende6Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende7Clezio Marcos De Nardin8Vânia Fátima Andrioli9Vânia Fátima Andrioli10Angela Machado Santos11Angela Machado Santos12Giorgio Arlan da Silva Picanço13Hui Li14Liu Zhengkuan15Chi Wang16Nelson Jorge Schuch17State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center/Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ChinaSouthern Space Coordination, COESU/INPE-MCTI, Santa Maria, BrazilState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center/Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ChinaSouthern Space Coordination, COESU/INPE-MCTI, Santa Maria, BrazilState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center/Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ChinaNational Institute for Space Research, INPE-MCTI, São José dos Campos, BrazilState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center/Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ChinaNational Institute for Space Research, INPE-MCTI, São José dos Campos, BrazilNational Institute for Space Research, INPE-MCTI, São José dos Campos, BrazilState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center/Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ChinaNational Institute for Space Research, INPE-MCTI, São José dos Campos, BrazilState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center/Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ChinaNational Institute for Space Research, INPE-MCTI, São José dos Campos, BrazilResearch and Development Institute, University of Vale of Paraíba (IP&D/UNIVAP), São José dos Campos, BrazilState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center/Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center/Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center/Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ChinaCollaborator Researcher UFSM-INPE, Santa Maria, BrazilSpread echoes from the E-region observed in ionograms obtained at high latitudes are generally classified as auroral sporadic-E (Esa) layers. These layers have also been detected in nighttime ionograms collected at some ionospheric stations in the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) region in Brazil during the recovery phases of geomagnetic storms. However, similar echoes have also been observed in the SAMA during geomagnetically quiet periods or daytime, which are not caused by energetic particle precipitation. Therefore, investigating the occurrence of these spread echoes over a longer period, rather than focusing solely on case studies, has become important. Thus, this study aims to analyze the occurrences of spread echoes from the E-region, referred to here for the first time as “Height-Spread Es (HSEs) layers.” The analysis is based on Digisonde data obtained at the Santa Maria station (29.7° S, 53.8° W, ∼22.000 nT) in Brazil over 1 year (2019/2020). The study initially presents examples of these traces on ionograms and then examines their occurrence rates over several time intervals (hours, months, seasons). Among other findings, the statistical analysis reveals that the occurrence rate of HSEs layers is 9.8% during the analyzed period. The HSEs layers appeared predominantly at night and under geomagnetically quiet conditions. Most HSEs layers lasted between 1 h and 3 h 30 min, with a peak incidence during November, December, and January. Finally, the study discusses the most likely mechanisms responsible for HSEs layer formation, considering the geomagnetic conditions and time of their detection on ionograms.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2025.1535186/fullsporadic-E layerHSEs layerEsa layerSAMAgeomagnetic stormDigisonde |
| spellingShingle | Juliano Moro Juliano Moro Jiyao Xu José Valentin Bageston Lígia Alves da Silva Lígia Alves da Silva Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende Clezio Marcos De Nardin Vânia Fátima Andrioli Vânia Fátima Andrioli Angela Machado Santos Angela Machado Santos Giorgio Arlan da Silva Picanço Hui Li Liu Zhengkuan Chi Wang Nelson Jorge Schuch Study of height-spread sporadic-E layers observed in the South American Magnetic Anomaly Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences sporadic-E layer HSEs layer Esa layer SAMA geomagnetic storm Digisonde |
| title | Study of height-spread sporadic-E layers observed in the South American Magnetic Anomaly |
| title_full | Study of height-spread sporadic-E layers observed in the South American Magnetic Anomaly |
| title_fullStr | Study of height-spread sporadic-E layers observed in the South American Magnetic Anomaly |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study of height-spread sporadic-E layers observed in the South American Magnetic Anomaly |
| title_short | Study of height-spread sporadic-E layers observed in the South American Magnetic Anomaly |
| title_sort | study of height spread sporadic e layers observed in the south american magnetic anomaly |
| topic | sporadic-E layer HSEs layer Esa layer SAMA geomagnetic storm Digisonde |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2025.1535186/full |
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