International hidden entrepreneurs: Concealed partnerships in new venture formation in an emerging markets context

This study examines the emergence of international hidden entrepreneurs (IHEs) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through an institutional theory lens. An international hidden entrepreneur arises when local regulations impose high costs on an international entrepreneur operating as the legal head of an...

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Main Authors: Moayad Moharrak, Faisal AlReshaid, Kathleen Marshall Park, Ahmad R. Alsaber
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-03-01
Series:Journal of Innovation & Knowledge
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2444569X25000204
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author Moayad Moharrak
Faisal AlReshaid
Kathleen Marshall Park
Ahmad R. Alsaber
author_facet Moayad Moharrak
Faisal AlReshaid
Kathleen Marshall Park
Ahmad R. Alsaber
author_sort Moayad Moharrak
collection DOAJ
description This study examines the emergence of international hidden entrepreneurs (IHEs) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through an institutional theory lens. An international hidden entrepreneur arises when local regulations impose high costs on an international entrepreneur operating as the legal head of an enterprise, therefore giving rise to a concealed partnership with a local entrepreneur to serve as the official managing director. The IHEs in our study typically originate from emerging market nations. Drawing on qualitative data from 44 participants, we examine the complexities of (1) mechanisms of IHE practices, (2) catalysts to the rise of IHEs, and (3) ethical and economic impacts of the presence of IHEs and their implications for the local economy. We establish the existence of IHEs as a still underexplored phenomenon and the advantages and disadvantages of the system in consonance with the cognitive, regulative, and normative pillars of institutional theory. Our findings reveal that IHEs arise as a response to stringent regulatory barriers, socio-cultural norms, and cognitive skill gaps. This study contributes to institutional theory by demonstrating how these pillars intersect in the Saudi context, offering novel insights into informal entrepreneurship and its challenges to Saudi Vision 2030.
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publishDate 2025-03-01
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series Journal of Innovation & Knowledge
spelling doaj-art-7e39cedcfd3d4965a9d84730fd7899d82025-08-20T01:49:22ZengElsevierJournal of Innovation & Knowledge2444-569X2025-03-0110210066910.1016/j.jik.2025.100669International hidden entrepreneurs: Concealed partnerships in new venture formation in an emerging markets contextMoayad Moharrak0Faisal AlReshaid1Kathleen Marshall Park2Ahmad R. Alsaber3Business Management, Taif University, Saudi ArabiaManagement, American University of Kuwait, Kuwait; Corresponding author.Administrative Sciences, Strategy and Innovation, MET Department of Administrative Sciences and Global Development Policy Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02460, USAStatistics and Data Science, American University of Kuwait, KuwaitThis study examines the emergence of international hidden entrepreneurs (IHEs) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through an institutional theory lens. An international hidden entrepreneur arises when local regulations impose high costs on an international entrepreneur operating as the legal head of an enterprise, therefore giving rise to a concealed partnership with a local entrepreneur to serve as the official managing director. The IHEs in our study typically originate from emerging market nations. Drawing on qualitative data from 44 participants, we examine the complexities of (1) mechanisms of IHE practices, (2) catalysts to the rise of IHEs, and (3) ethical and economic impacts of the presence of IHEs and their implications for the local economy. We establish the existence of IHEs as a still underexplored phenomenon and the advantages and disadvantages of the system in consonance with the cognitive, regulative, and normative pillars of institutional theory. Our findings reveal that IHEs arise as a response to stringent regulatory barriers, socio-cultural norms, and cognitive skill gaps. This study contributes to institutional theory by demonstrating how these pillars intersect in the Saudi context, offering novel insights into informal entrepreneurship and its challenges to Saudi Vision 2030.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2444569X25000204J15M13M16O11O19O53
spellingShingle Moayad Moharrak
Faisal AlReshaid
Kathleen Marshall Park
Ahmad R. Alsaber
International hidden entrepreneurs: Concealed partnerships in new venture formation in an emerging markets context
Journal of Innovation & Knowledge
J15
M13
M16
O11
O19
O53
title International hidden entrepreneurs: Concealed partnerships in new venture formation in an emerging markets context
title_full International hidden entrepreneurs: Concealed partnerships in new venture formation in an emerging markets context
title_fullStr International hidden entrepreneurs: Concealed partnerships in new venture formation in an emerging markets context
title_full_unstemmed International hidden entrepreneurs: Concealed partnerships in new venture formation in an emerging markets context
title_short International hidden entrepreneurs: Concealed partnerships in new venture formation in an emerging markets context
title_sort international hidden entrepreneurs concealed partnerships in new venture formation in an emerging markets context
topic J15
M13
M16
O11
O19
O53
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2444569X25000204
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AT kathleenmarshallpark internationalhiddenentrepreneursconcealedpartnershipsinnewventureformationinanemergingmarketscontext
AT ahmadralsaber internationalhiddenentrepreneursconcealedpartnershipsinnewventureformationinanemergingmarketscontext