Cross-Linguistic Syntactic Priming in Late Bilinguals of Levantine Arabic (L1) and English (L2)

This study investigates the cross-linguistic priming effect in the syntactic written output of late bilingual Levantine Arabic speakers who learn English as a second language. In particular, we examined priming sentence type (simple vs. complex sentences) and priming language condition (Levantine Ar...

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Main Authors: Jamal A. Khlifat, Pui Fong Kan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Languages
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2226-471X/10/4/72
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author Jamal A. Khlifat
Pui Fong Kan
author_facet Jamal A. Khlifat
Pui Fong Kan
author_sort Jamal A. Khlifat
collection DOAJ
description This study investigates the cross-linguistic priming effect in the syntactic written output of late bilingual Levantine Arabic speakers who learn English as a second language. In particular, we examined priming sentence type (simple vs. complex sentences) and priming language condition (Levantine Arabic vs. English). Forty-nine bilinguals (Mean age = 33.3, SD = 8.5), who learned Levantine Arabic as their L1 and English as their L2, were primed with a short paragraph presented on the computer screen in either English or Levantine Arabic and asked to produce a written response in the counterpart language. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant cross-linguistic priming effect, suggesting that the syntactic structure of the prime in the participants’ first language (Levantine Arabic) predicts the participants’ written output in the second language (English), and the reverse is also true. However, there was no significant effect of priming sentence type (simple vs. complex) on the likelihood of producing primed res ponses, indicating that both priming conditions yielded similar levels of priming. In contrast, there was a significant effect of the priming language condition, with participants significantly more likely to produce syntactically primed responses when the priming language was Arabic compared to English. In addition, there was a significant interaction between the priming language condition and priming sentence type: Arabic priming led to more simple sentence production in English, whereas English priming did not significantly affect sentence complexity in Arabic. These findings align with the shared syntax account but highlight the need to consider factors such as language dominance in bilingual syntactic processing.
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spelling doaj-art-7e340765205d4b77b34f1ea0538b01432025-08-20T03:13:52ZengMDPI AGLanguages2226-471X2025-04-011047210.3390/languages10040072Cross-Linguistic Syntactic Priming in Late Bilinguals of Levantine Arabic (L1) and English (L2)Jamal A. Khlifat0Pui Fong Kan1Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USASpeech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USAThis study investigates the cross-linguistic priming effect in the syntactic written output of late bilingual Levantine Arabic speakers who learn English as a second language. In particular, we examined priming sentence type (simple vs. complex sentences) and priming language condition (Levantine Arabic vs. English). Forty-nine bilinguals (Mean age = 33.3, SD = 8.5), who learned Levantine Arabic as their L1 and English as their L2, were primed with a short paragraph presented on the computer screen in either English or Levantine Arabic and asked to produce a written response in the counterpart language. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant cross-linguistic priming effect, suggesting that the syntactic structure of the prime in the participants’ first language (Levantine Arabic) predicts the participants’ written output in the second language (English), and the reverse is also true. However, there was no significant effect of priming sentence type (simple vs. complex) on the likelihood of producing primed res ponses, indicating that both priming conditions yielded similar levels of priming. In contrast, there was a significant effect of the priming language condition, with participants significantly more likely to produce syntactically primed responses when the priming language was Arabic compared to English. In addition, there was a significant interaction between the priming language condition and priming sentence type: Arabic priming led to more simple sentence production in English, whereas English priming did not significantly affect sentence complexity in Arabic. These findings align with the shared syntax account but highlight the need to consider factors such as language dominance in bilingual syntactic processing.https://www.mdpi.com/2226-471X/10/4/72Arabiccross-linguistic primingshared syntax accountsyntactic primingbilingualism
spellingShingle Jamal A. Khlifat
Pui Fong Kan
Cross-Linguistic Syntactic Priming in Late Bilinguals of Levantine Arabic (L1) and English (L2)
Languages
Arabic
cross-linguistic priming
shared syntax account
syntactic priming
bilingualism
title Cross-Linguistic Syntactic Priming in Late Bilinguals of Levantine Arabic (L1) and English (L2)
title_full Cross-Linguistic Syntactic Priming in Late Bilinguals of Levantine Arabic (L1) and English (L2)
title_fullStr Cross-Linguistic Syntactic Priming in Late Bilinguals of Levantine Arabic (L1) and English (L2)
title_full_unstemmed Cross-Linguistic Syntactic Priming in Late Bilinguals of Levantine Arabic (L1) and English (L2)
title_short Cross-Linguistic Syntactic Priming in Late Bilinguals of Levantine Arabic (L1) and English (L2)
title_sort cross linguistic syntactic priming in late bilinguals of levantine arabic l1 and english l2
topic Arabic
cross-linguistic priming
shared syntax account
syntactic priming
bilingualism
url https://www.mdpi.com/2226-471X/10/4/72
work_keys_str_mv AT jamalakhlifat crosslinguisticsyntacticpriminginlatebilingualsoflevantinearabicl1andenglishl2
AT puifongkan crosslinguisticsyntacticpriminginlatebilingualsoflevantinearabicl1andenglishl2