Self-determination theory and the influence of social support, self-regulated learning, and flow experience on student learning engagement in self-directed e-learning

E-learning significantly broadens the scope for students to participate in extracurricular self-directed learning to achieve personal goals. However, the existing research has somewhat overlooked this particular setting. Our study delves into how self-determination theory shapes student engagement i...

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Main Authors: Yanhua Yang, Jianfeng Chen, Xin Zhuang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Psychology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1545980/full
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author Yanhua Yang
Jianfeng Chen
Xin Zhuang
author_facet Yanhua Yang
Jianfeng Chen
Xin Zhuang
author_sort Yanhua Yang
collection DOAJ
description E-learning significantly broadens the scope for students to participate in extracurricular self-directed learning to achieve personal goals. However, the existing research has somewhat overlooked this particular setting. Our study delves into how self-determination theory shapes student engagement in learning, influenced by social support, flow experience, and self-regulated learning, while also examining the mediating role of self-determination theory. We gathered 593 questionnaires from students across various disciplines and levels of learning in five Chinese universities. Through structural equation model, we tested 13 hypotheses and several mediating effects basing on self-determination theory. Our findings revealed that social support can predict relatedness, while both flow experience and self-regulated learning have significant impacts on the three basic psychological needs. Furthermore, we observed that competence and relatedness have impacts on the motivation of self-determination theory. A significant positive association exists between motivation and student learning engagement, and insignificant direct pathways have no indirect effect on mediating effects. We discussed the similarities and differences between out-of-class self-directed e-learning and traditional in-class e-learning, considering the same influencing factors. We also offered constructive insights for students to effectively reaching their personal goals.
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spelling doaj-art-7e1c6665d5194863aaab401b7373f9de2025-08-20T03:40:57ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782025-03-011610.3389/fpsyg.2025.15459801545980Self-determination theory and the influence of social support, self-regulated learning, and flow experience on student learning engagement in self-directed e-learningYanhua Yang0Jianfeng Chen1Xin Zhuang2School of Data Engineering, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics Pearl River College, Tianjin, ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning, ChinaInformation Engineering Department, Heilongjiang Jiaotong Polytechnic, Haerbin, Heilongjiang, ChinaE-learning significantly broadens the scope for students to participate in extracurricular self-directed learning to achieve personal goals. However, the existing research has somewhat overlooked this particular setting. Our study delves into how self-determination theory shapes student engagement in learning, influenced by social support, flow experience, and self-regulated learning, while also examining the mediating role of self-determination theory. We gathered 593 questionnaires from students across various disciplines and levels of learning in five Chinese universities. Through structural equation model, we tested 13 hypotheses and several mediating effects basing on self-determination theory. Our findings revealed that social support can predict relatedness, while both flow experience and self-regulated learning have significant impacts on the three basic psychological needs. Furthermore, we observed that competence and relatedness have impacts on the motivation of self-determination theory. A significant positive association exists between motivation and student learning engagement, and insignificant direct pathways have no indirect effect on mediating effects. We discussed the similarities and differences between out-of-class self-directed e-learning and traditional in-class e-learning, considering the same influencing factors. We also offered constructive insights for students to effectively reaching their personal goals.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1545980/fullflow experiencelearning engagementself-determination theoryself-regulated learningsocial support
spellingShingle Yanhua Yang
Jianfeng Chen
Xin Zhuang
Self-determination theory and the influence of social support, self-regulated learning, and flow experience on student learning engagement in self-directed e-learning
Frontiers in Psychology
flow experience
learning engagement
self-determination theory
self-regulated learning
social support
title Self-determination theory and the influence of social support, self-regulated learning, and flow experience on student learning engagement in self-directed e-learning
title_full Self-determination theory and the influence of social support, self-regulated learning, and flow experience on student learning engagement in self-directed e-learning
title_fullStr Self-determination theory and the influence of social support, self-regulated learning, and flow experience on student learning engagement in self-directed e-learning
title_full_unstemmed Self-determination theory and the influence of social support, self-regulated learning, and flow experience on student learning engagement in self-directed e-learning
title_short Self-determination theory and the influence of social support, self-regulated learning, and flow experience on student learning engagement in self-directed e-learning
title_sort self determination theory and the influence of social support self regulated learning and flow experience on student learning engagement in self directed e learning
topic flow experience
learning engagement
self-determination theory
self-regulated learning
social support
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1545980/full
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AT xinzhuang selfdeterminationtheoryandtheinfluenceofsocialsupportselfregulatedlearningandflowexperienceonstudentlearningengagementinselfdirectedelearning