Spinach ameliorates dietary oxidized tallow-induced NAFLD by regulating inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and antioxidant systems
Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders globally and is a major clinical concern that is increasing in both industrialized and developing countries. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Spinacia oleracea dried powder i...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Phytomedicine Plus |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031324001969 |
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| author | Neelab Alam Zeb Muhammad Jamil |
| author_facet | Neelab Alam Zeb Muhammad Jamil |
| author_sort | Neelab |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders globally and is a major clinical concern that is increasing in both industrialized and developing countries. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Spinacia oleracea dried powder in protecting rabbits from the toxicity caused by oxidized-tallow. Methods: Oxidized tallow and spinach powder were administered to the rabbits. The phenolic profile of spinach was studied using HPLC-DAD. Investigations were conducted on the liver phospholipid composition, liver-histology analysis, levels of antioxidants, liver-associated inflammatory cytokines, and the serum-lipid profile. Results: The findings revealed that the primary constituents of the extracts were gallic acid, luteolin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid. Histological and biochemical examination of the liver revealed greater fat storage in the OT-group than in the control or therapy groups. The OT-treated rabbits exhibited increased levels of hepatic inflammatory cytokines, decreased antioxidant status, and elevated lipid profiles. After consuming spinach, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α), PPARs, and antioxidants (CATs, SODs, TBARS, GSH-Px, and GSHs) returned to normal. Conclusion: Dried spinach powder is an excellent dietary source of liver-protective chemicals that ameliorate NAFLD by reducing proinflammatory cytokines and enhancing antioxidant status. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7dc411a6a90d4f3fb70e2faff5b8e1b8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2667-0313 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Phytomedicine Plus |
| spelling | doaj-art-7dc411a6a90d4f3fb70e2faff5b8e1b82025-02-10T04:35:18ZengElsevierPhytomedicine Plus2667-03132025-02-0151100722Spinach ameliorates dietary oxidized tallow-induced NAFLD by regulating inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and antioxidant systems Neelab0Alam Zeb1Muhammad Jamil2Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, PakistanDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan; Corresponding author at: Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan.Department of Surgery, Timergara Teaching Hospital, Timergara, PakistanBackground: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders globally and is a major clinical concern that is increasing in both industrialized and developing countries. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Spinacia oleracea dried powder in protecting rabbits from the toxicity caused by oxidized-tallow. Methods: Oxidized tallow and spinach powder were administered to the rabbits. The phenolic profile of spinach was studied using HPLC-DAD. Investigations were conducted on the liver phospholipid composition, liver-histology analysis, levels of antioxidants, liver-associated inflammatory cytokines, and the serum-lipid profile. Results: The findings revealed that the primary constituents of the extracts were gallic acid, luteolin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid. Histological and biochemical examination of the liver revealed greater fat storage in the OT-group than in the control or therapy groups. The OT-treated rabbits exhibited increased levels of hepatic inflammatory cytokines, decreased antioxidant status, and elevated lipid profiles. After consuming spinach, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α), PPARs, and antioxidants (CATs, SODs, TBARS, GSH-Px, and GSHs) returned to normal. Conclusion: Dried spinach powder is an excellent dietary source of liver-protective chemicals that ameliorate NAFLD by reducing proinflammatory cytokines and enhancing antioxidant status.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031324001969SpinachHepatoprotectiveNonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseInflammatory markersRabbitsOxidized lipids |
| spellingShingle | Neelab Alam Zeb Muhammad Jamil Spinach ameliorates dietary oxidized tallow-induced NAFLD by regulating inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and antioxidant systems Phytomedicine Plus Spinach Hepatoprotective Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Inflammatory markers Rabbits Oxidized lipids |
| title | Spinach ameliorates dietary oxidized tallow-induced NAFLD by regulating inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and antioxidant systems |
| title_full | Spinach ameliorates dietary oxidized tallow-induced NAFLD by regulating inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and antioxidant systems |
| title_fullStr | Spinach ameliorates dietary oxidized tallow-induced NAFLD by regulating inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and antioxidant systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spinach ameliorates dietary oxidized tallow-induced NAFLD by regulating inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and antioxidant systems |
| title_short | Spinach ameliorates dietary oxidized tallow-induced NAFLD by regulating inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and antioxidant systems |
| title_sort | spinach ameliorates dietary oxidized tallow induced nafld by regulating inflammatory cytokines peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and antioxidant systems |
| topic | Spinach Hepatoprotective Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Inflammatory markers Rabbits Oxidized lipids |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031324001969 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT neelab spinachamelioratesdietaryoxidizedtallowinducednafldbyregulatinginflammatorycytokinesperoxisomeproliferatoractivatedreceptorsandantioxidantsystems AT alamzeb spinachamelioratesdietaryoxidizedtallowinducednafldbyregulatinginflammatorycytokinesperoxisomeproliferatoractivatedreceptorsandantioxidantsystems AT muhammadjamil spinachamelioratesdietaryoxidizedtallowinducednafldbyregulatinginflammatorycytokinesperoxisomeproliferatoractivatedreceptorsandantioxidantsystems |