Targeted pancreatic cancer therapy using 4-farnesyloxycoumarin conjugated nanocrystalline cellulose and Chitosan nanoparticles
Abstract This study investigates the effects of 4-farnesyloxycoumarin (4-FOC)-conjugated NCC/CTAB/CS nanoparticles (NPs) on PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, highlighting their cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed a Z-average particle size of 275.68...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02344-w |
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| author | Fariba Karoonkiani Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi Alireza Jalali |
| author_facet | Fariba Karoonkiani Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi Alireza Jalali |
| author_sort | Fariba Karoonkiani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This study investigates the effects of 4-farnesyloxycoumarin (4-FOC)-conjugated NCC/CTAB/CS nanoparticles (NPs) on PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, highlighting their cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed a Z-average particle size of 275.68 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.3020. The mean intensity diameter was 334.68 nm, and the mean volume diameter was 380.97 nm. The zeta potential was recorded at 28.88 ± 12.64 mV, confirming good stability due to electrostatic repulsion. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed the successful conjugation of 4-FOC to the NPs, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy validated the incorporation of functional groups. In contrast, the encapsulation efficiency of 4-FOC was measured at 88.49%. Cytotoxicity assays indicated a significant reduction in PANC-1 cell viability, with an IC50 value of 61.23 µg/mL; in contrast, human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells exhibited greater resilience, maintaining 92.61 ± 2.33% viability at 100 µg/mL. Apoptotic assays revealed a dose-dependent increase in early and late apoptotic cells, with late apoptosis rising to 54.1% at 81 µg/mL. Gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of caspase 3 (2.25 ± 0.33), p21 (1.70 ± 0.05), and p53 (2.71 ± 0.29 at 61 µg/mL), underscoring the NPs’ role in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the NPs was confirmed through ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays, achieving 38.82% and 68.25% scavenging activity at the highest concentrations, respectively. These findings suggest that 4-FOC-conjugated NCC/CTAB/CS NPs hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for treating pancreatic cancer. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7db52e99596f43ef9fda7c510f59fcf7 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-7db52e99596f43ef9fda7c510f59fcf72025-08-20T01:53:22ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-02344-wTargeted pancreatic cancer therapy using 4-farnesyloxycoumarin conjugated nanocrystalline cellulose and Chitosan nanoparticlesFariba Karoonkiani0Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi1Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi2Alireza Jalali3Department of Chemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityDepartment of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityDepartment of Biochemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityDepartment of Chemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityAbstract This study investigates the effects of 4-farnesyloxycoumarin (4-FOC)-conjugated NCC/CTAB/CS nanoparticles (NPs) on PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, highlighting their cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed a Z-average particle size of 275.68 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.3020. The mean intensity diameter was 334.68 nm, and the mean volume diameter was 380.97 nm. The zeta potential was recorded at 28.88 ± 12.64 mV, confirming good stability due to electrostatic repulsion. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed the successful conjugation of 4-FOC to the NPs, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy validated the incorporation of functional groups. In contrast, the encapsulation efficiency of 4-FOC was measured at 88.49%. Cytotoxicity assays indicated a significant reduction in PANC-1 cell viability, with an IC50 value of 61.23 µg/mL; in contrast, human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells exhibited greater resilience, maintaining 92.61 ± 2.33% viability at 100 µg/mL. Apoptotic assays revealed a dose-dependent increase in early and late apoptotic cells, with late apoptosis rising to 54.1% at 81 µg/mL. Gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of caspase 3 (2.25 ± 0.33), p21 (1.70 ± 0.05), and p53 (2.71 ± 0.29 at 61 µg/mL), underscoring the NPs’ role in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the NPs was confirmed through ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays, achieving 38.82% and 68.25% scavenging activity at the highest concentrations, respectively. These findings suggest that 4-FOC-conjugated NCC/CTAB/CS NPs hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for treating pancreatic cancer.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02344-w4-Farnesyl oxy coumarinNanoparticlesPancreatic neoplasmsAntioxidantsCytotoxicityApoptosis |
| spellingShingle | Fariba Karoonkiani Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi Alireza Jalali Targeted pancreatic cancer therapy using 4-farnesyloxycoumarin conjugated nanocrystalline cellulose and Chitosan nanoparticles Scientific Reports 4-Farnesyl oxy coumarin Nanoparticles Pancreatic neoplasms Antioxidants Cytotoxicity Apoptosis |
| title | Targeted pancreatic cancer therapy using 4-farnesyloxycoumarin conjugated nanocrystalline cellulose and Chitosan nanoparticles |
| title_full | Targeted pancreatic cancer therapy using 4-farnesyloxycoumarin conjugated nanocrystalline cellulose and Chitosan nanoparticles |
| title_fullStr | Targeted pancreatic cancer therapy using 4-farnesyloxycoumarin conjugated nanocrystalline cellulose and Chitosan nanoparticles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Targeted pancreatic cancer therapy using 4-farnesyloxycoumarin conjugated nanocrystalline cellulose and Chitosan nanoparticles |
| title_short | Targeted pancreatic cancer therapy using 4-farnesyloxycoumarin conjugated nanocrystalline cellulose and Chitosan nanoparticles |
| title_sort | targeted pancreatic cancer therapy using 4 farnesyloxycoumarin conjugated nanocrystalline cellulose and chitosan nanoparticles |
| topic | 4-Farnesyl oxy coumarin Nanoparticles Pancreatic neoplasms Antioxidants Cytotoxicity Apoptosis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02344-w |
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