Economic planning-operation of virtual power plants including solar-biomass resources and hydrogen storage in the active distribution network based on distribution system operator objectives
A virtual power plant consists of various sources and storage devices, which can act as energy producers in the network. By choosing the optimal location for it in the network and choosing the optimal size for the sources and storage devices, it is expected to improve various important economic and...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061525003370 |
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| Summary: | A virtual power plant consists of various sources and storage devices, which can act as energy producers in the network. By choosing the optimal location for it in the network and choosing the optimal size for the sources and storage devices, it is expected to improve various important economic and technical indicators of the network. This research presents the sizing and sitting model of the renewable virtual power plants including hydrogen storage system as part of a multi-objective energy management system for an active distribution network. This scheme is as bi-level optimization. In the upper level model, the distribution system operator’s technical, financial, and environmental objectives are considered by the system. This plan’s goal is to reduce the distribution network’s weighted total of anticipated operating expenses, energy losses, and greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the network’s AC power flow equations, and the system’s operating restrictions are the problem constraints. In the lower level model, the sitting and sizing model of renewable virtual power plant with hydrogen storage is presented. Objective function minimizes the planning cost, and constraints are the model of renewable sources and hydrogen storage. The Karush–Kuhn–Tucker is used to obtain single-level model; the Fuzzy decision-making technique obtains a compromise solution. Uncertainties about the load, renewable power, and energy price are included in the suggested problem. This work uses scenario-based stochastic optimization, a hybrid of the Kantorovich technique and the Roulette Wheel Mechanism, to simulate these uncertainties. Red Panda Optimization (RPO) is used to obtain the optimal solution. Optimal placement and sizing of virtual power plant in the active distribution grid, considering the energy management of bio-waste units in virtual system, and investigating hydrogen storage capacities on the operation of network and virtual system is considered in the few works, that these restrictions were removed in this work. The numerical results show how successful the suggested approach is, and they are developed from several case studies. Compared to conventional load flow studies, it improves the distribution network’s operational, financial, and environmental standing by optimizing the energy management and planning of the virtual power plants. Considering compromise solution, the network operation cost, energy losses of grid, and emissions are, in order, 14.5%, 28.9%, and 21% away from their minimal values. RPO also managed to obtain the most optimal point with a higher convergence speed than other solvers, and the standard deviation of its final answer is about 0.97%. |
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| ISSN: | 0142-0615 |