Thorn within: the environment in personal identity

Abstract “We have never been individuals.” This shady statement obscures the complexity of defining biological individuals. Some authors, departing from ecological developmental biology, have argued that humans are holobionts, an assemblage of organisms comprising a host and symbionts. It has then b...

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Main Author: Franlu Vulliermet
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-06-01
Series:Epigenetics Communications
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s43682-025-00036-0
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author Franlu Vulliermet
author_facet Franlu Vulliermet
author_sort Franlu Vulliermet
collection DOAJ
description Abstract “We have never been individuals.” This shady statement obscures the complexity of defining biological individuals. Some authors, departing from ecological developmental biology, have argued that humans are holobionts, an assemblage of organisms comprising a host and symbionts. It has then been taken to imply that human beings are not individuals. However, it seems complicated not to take the individual as a reference point. Humans consider themselves physically bounded entities with agency and self-determination. While I contend that integrating biological facts in discussions about individuality is essential, I do not discard the notion of the individual altogether, as some authors have suggested. In this paper, I propose that starting from the idea of personal identity can be a fruitful approach to reconsidering the notion of an individual while accounting for these biological facts. I argue that a human being’s sense of individuality is rooted in personal identity, for which the brain is the necessary condition. Since neuroepigenetic mechanisms significantly shape the brain, personal identity is shaped by the environment, which opens a path to a notion of an individual that integrates biological findings.
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spelling doaj-art-7ce1e04aabbd4fffae83fc1ac63254982025-08-20T02:30:44ZengBMCEpigenetics Communications2730-70342025-06-015111110.1186/s43682-025-00036-0Thorn within: the environment in personal identityFranlu Vulliermet0Centre for Ethics, Department of Philosophy, University of AntwerpAbstract “We have never been individuals.” This shady statement obscures the complexity of defining biological individuals. Some authors, departing from ecological developmental biology, have argued that humans are holobionts, an assemblage of organisms comprising a host and symbionts. It has then been taken to imply that human beings are not individuals. However, it seems complicated not to take the individual as a reference point. Humans consider themselves physically bounded entities with agency and self-determination. While I contend that integrating biological facts in discussions about individuality is essential, I do not discard the notion of the individual altogether, as some authors have suggested. In this paper, I propose that starting from the idea of personal identity can be a fruitful approach to reconsidering the notion of an individual while accounting for these biological facts. I argue that a human being’s sense of individuality is rooted in personal identity, for which the brain is the necessary condition. Since neuroepigenetic mechanisms significantly shape the brain, personal identity is shaped by the environment, which opens a path to a notion of an individual that integrates biological findings.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43682-025-00036-0EpigeneticsPersonal IdentityBrainHolobiontEnvironmentIndividual
spellingShingle Franlu Vulliermet
Thorn within: the environment in personal identity
Epigenetics Communications
Epigenetics
Personal Identity
Brain
Holobiont
Environment
Individual
title Thorn within: the environment in personal identity
title_full Thorn within: the environment in personal identity
title_fullStr Thorn within: the environment in personal identity
title_full_unstemmed Thorn within: the environment in personal identity
title_short Thorn within: the environment in personal identity
title_sort thorn within the environment in personal identity
topic Epigenetics
Personal Identity
Brain
Holobiont
Environment
Individual
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s43682-025-00036-0
work_keys_str_mv AT franluvulliermet thornwithintheenvironmentinpersonalidentity