Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke
<i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke is widely used in Angola, on the African continent, and beyond for the treatment of many health conditions such as hypertension, enteritis, colds, gastrointestinal disturbances, stomachaches, jaundice, coughs, fevers, nausea, bronchial inflammation, conj...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Dorcas Tlhapi Ntsoaki Malebo Idah Tichaidza Manduna Monizi Mawunu Ramakwala Christinah Chokwe |
| author_facet | Dorcas Tlhapi Ntsoaki Malebo Idah Tichaidza Manduna Monizi Mawunu Ramakwala Christinah Chokwe |
| author_sort | Dorcas Tlhapi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke is widely used in Angola, on the African continent, and beyond for the treatment of many health conditions such as hypertension, enteritis, colds, gastrointestinal disturbances, stomachaches, jaundice, coughs, fevers, nausea, bronchial inflammation, conjunctivitis, malaria, and venereal diseases. However, there is limited literature about the active compounds linked with the reported biological activities. This study aims to assess the chemical profiles, antioxidant properties, and the cytotoxicity effects of the roots, stem bark, and leaves of <i>L. multiflora</i>. Chemical characterization of the crude extracts was assessed through quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid contents followed by Q exactive plus orbitrap™ ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS) screening. The correlation between the extracts and the correlation between the compounds were studied using the multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) loading scores and principal component analysis (PCA) biplots and correlation plots were used to connect specific compounds with observed biological activities. The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were carried out in vitro using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays, while the in vitro toxicology of the crude extracts was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. A total of twenty constituents were characterized and identified using the UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS. The methanol leaf extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.559 ± 0.269 μg/mL); however, the stem bark extract had the highest reducing power (IC<sub>0.5</sub> = 0.029 ± 0.026 μg/mL). High phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the dichloromethane leaf extract (32.100 ± 1.780 mg GAE/g) and stem bark extract (624.153 ± 29.442 mg QE/g), respectively. The results show the stem bark, methanol leaf, and dichloromethane leaf extracts were well-tolerated by the Vero cell line at concentrations up to 50 µg/mL. However, at 100 µg/mL onward, some toxicity was observed in the root, methanol leaf, and dichloromethane leaf extracts. The UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS profiles showed the presence of terpenoids (n = 5), flavonoids (n = 5), phenols (n = 4), alkaloids (n = 3), coumarins (n = 1), fatty acids (n = 1), and organic acids (n = 1). According to several studies, these secondary metabolites have been reported and proven to be the most abundant for antioxidant potential. The identified flavonoids (catechin, quercitrin, and (−)-epigallocatechin) and phenolic compound (6-gingerol) can significantly contribute to the antioxidant properties of different plant parts of <i>L. multiflora</i>. The research findings obtained in this study provide a complete phytochemical profile of various parts of <i>L. multiflora</i> that are responsible for the antioxidant activity using UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS analysis. Furthermore, the results obtained in this study contribute to the scientific information or data on the therapeutic properties of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> and provide a basis for further assessment of its potential as a natural remedy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7ca252290260494b8d01df6f13af7acb |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-7ca252290260494b8d01df6f13af7acb2025-08-20T03:50:16ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013013288210.3390/molecules30132882Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> MoldenkeDorcas Tlhapi0Ntsoaki Malebo1Idah Tichaidza Manduna2Monizi Mawunu3Ramakwala Christinah Chokwe4Centre for Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South AfricaCentre for Innovation in Learning and Teaching, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South AfricaCentre for Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South AfricaDepartment of Agronomy, Polytechnic Institute, Kimpa Vita University, Uíge P.O. Box 77, AngolaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa<i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke is widely used in Angola, on the African continent, and beyond for the treatment of many health conditions such as hypertension, enteritis, colds, gastrointestinal disturbances, stomachaches, jaundice, coughs, fevers, nausea, bronchial inflammation, conjunctivitis, malaria, and venereal diseases. However, there is limited literature about the active compounds linked with the reported biological activities. This study aims to assess the chemical profiles, antioxidant properties, and the cytotoxicity effects of the roots, stem bark, and leaves of <i>L. multiflora</i>. Chemical characterization of the crude extracts was assessed through quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid contents followed by Q exactive plus orbitrap™ ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS) screening. The correlation between the extracts and the correlation between the compounds were studied using the multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) loading scores and principal component analysis (PCA) biplots and correlation plots were used to connect specific compounds with observed biological activities. The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were carried out in vitro using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays, while the in vitro toxicology of the crude extracts was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. A total of twenty constituents were characterized and identified using the UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS. The methanol leaf extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.559 ± 0.269 μg/mL); however, the stem bark extract had the highest reducing power (IC<sub>0.5</sub> = 0.029 ± 0.026 μg/mL). High phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the dichloromethane leaf extract (32.100 ± 1.780 mg GAE/g) and stem bark extract (624.153 ± 29.442 mg QE/g), respectively. The results show the stem bark, methanol leaf, and dichloromethane leaf extracts were well-tolerated by the Vero cell line at concentrations up to 50 µg/mL. However, at 100 µg/mL onward, some toxicity was observed in the root, methanol leaf, and dichloromethane leaf extracts. The UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS profiles showed the presence of terpenoids (n = 5), flavonoids (n = 5), phenols (n = 4), alkaloids (n = 3), coumarins (n = 1), fatty acids (n = 1), and organic acids (n = 1). According to several studies, these secondary metabolites have been reported and proven to be the most abundant for antioxidant potential. The identified flavonoids (catechin, quercitrin, and (−)-epigallocatechin) and phenolic compound (6-gingerol) can significantly contribute to the antioxidant properties of different plant parts of <i>L. multiflora</i>. The research findings obtained in this study provide a complete phytochemical profile of various parts of <i>L. multiflora</i> that are responsible for the antioxidant activity using UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS analysis. Furthermore, the results obtained in this study contribute to the scientific information or data on the therapeutic properties of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> and provide a basis for further assessment of its potential as a natural remedy.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/13/2882<i>Lippia multiflora</i>chemical profilemultivariate analysisantioxidant activitycytotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Dorcas Tlhapi Ntsoaki Malebo Idah Tichaidza Manduna Monizi Mawunu Ramakwala Christinah Chokwe Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke Molecules <i>Lippia multiflora</i> chemical profile multivariate analysis antioxidant activity cytotoxicity |
| title | Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke |
| title_full | Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke |
| title_fullStr | Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke |
| title_short | Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke |
| title_sort | phytochemical screening and biological activities of i lippia multiflora i moldenke |
| topic | <i>Lippia multiflora</i> chemical profile multivariate analysis antioxidant activity cytotoxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/13/2882 |
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