Experimental Study on the Effect of Wind Speed on Hail Impacts

Hailstorms, exacerbated by global warming, inflict escalating economic losses on infrastructure, yet existing research overlooks wind–hail synergy in impact dynamics. This study employs a wind-tunnel-integrated hail impact simulator to analyze how wind speed, hail diameter, and velocity collectively...

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Main Authors: Yimin Dai, Yao Deng, Hao Luo, Yanwen Long
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5120
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author Yimin Dai
Yao Deng
Hao Luo
Yanwen Long
author_facet Yimin Dai
Yao Deng
Hao Luo
Yanwen Long
author_sort Yimin Dai
collection DOAJ
description Hailstorms, exacerbated by global warming, inflict escalating economic losses on infrastructure, yet existing research overlooks wind–hail synergy in impact dynamics. This study employs a wind-tunnel-integrated hail impact simulator to analyze how wind speed, hail diameter, and velocity collectively influence impact behavior. Key results reveal that higher wind speeds shorten the impact duration, accelerate peak force attainment, and amplify peak forces by up to 18.9% compared to windless conditions. Smaller hailstones exhibit reduced wind sensitivity, while combined increases in wind speed and hail diameter/velocity proportionally elevate peak forces. Momentum transfer from wind-driven fragmented hail clusters enhances force generation, demonstrating wind’s critical role in damage potential. A multivariate regression model predicting peak impact loads is proposed, offering actionable insights for wind–hail-resistant structural design.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2076-3417
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher MDPI AG
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series Applied Sciences
spelling doaj-art-7c8f3aa18cf34384a50099c79aaadbcc2025-08-20T03:49:22ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-05-01159512010.3390/app15095120Experimental Study on the Effect of Wind Speed on Hail ImpactsYimin Dai0Yao Deng1Hao Luo2Yanwen Long3Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structural Wind and Vibration Control, Xiangtan 411201, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structural Wind and Vibration Control, Xiangtan 411201, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structural Wind and Vibration Control, Xiangtan 411201, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structural Wind and Vibration Control, Xiangtan 411201, ChinaHailstorms, exacerbated by global warming, inflict escalating economic losses on infrastructure, yet existing research overlooks wind–hail synergy in impact dynamics. This study employs a wind-tunnel-integrated hail impact simulator to analyze how wind speed, hail diameter, and velocity collectively influence impact behavior. Key results reveal that higher wind speeds shorten the impact duration, accelerate peak force attainment, and amplify peak forces by up to 18.9% compared to windless conditions. Smaller hailstones exhibit reduced wind sensitivity, while combined increases in wind speed and hail diameter/velocity proportionally elevate peak forces. Momentum transfer from wind-driven fragmented hail clusters enhances force generation, demonstrating wind’s critical role in damage potential. A multivariate regression model predicting peak impact loads is proposed, offering actionable insights for wind–hail-resistant structural design.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5120hailstoneimpactwind–hail couplingwind tunnel testmultiple linear regression analysis
spellingShingle Yimin Dai
Yao Deng
Hao Luo
Yanwen Long
Experimental Study on the Effect of Wind Speed on Hail Impacts
Applied Sciences
hailstone
impact
wind–hail coupling
wind tunnel test
multiple linear regression analysis
title Experimental Study on the Effect of Wind Speed on Hail Impacts
title_full Experimental Study on the Effect of Wind Speed on Hail Impacts
title_fullStr Experimental Study on the Effect of Wind Speed on Hail Impacts
title_full_unstemmed Experimental Study on the Effect of Wind Speed on Hail Impacts
title_short Experimental Study on the Effect of Wind Speed on Hail Impacts
title_sort experimental study on the effect of wind speed on hail impacts
topic hailstone
impact
wind–hail coupling
wind tunnel test
multiple linear regression analysis
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5120
work_keys_str_mv AT yimindai experimentalstudyontheeffectofwindspeedonhailimpacts
AT yaodeng experimentalstudyontheeffectofwindspeedonhailimpacts
AT haoluo experimentalstudyontheeffectofwindspeedonhailimpacts
AT yanwenlong experimentalstudyontheeffectofwindspeedonhailimpacts