Performance of multi-layer steel fiber-reinforced mortar panels with air gaps against high-velocity bullets and successive firing
This research addresses the growing demand for high-performance protective materials against high-velocity projectile impacts. The performance of multi-layered steel fiber-reinforced mortar (SFRM) panels with varying thicknesses and air gaps, was experimentally investigated under single and repeated...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Defence Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221491472500087X |
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| author | Apisit Techaphatthanakon Buchit Maho Sittisak Jamnam Pochara Kruavit Manote Sappakittipakorn Phattharachai Pongsopha Gritsada Sua-iam Piti Sukontasukkul |
| author_facet | Apisit Techaphatthanakon Buchit Maho Sittisak Jamnam Pochara Kruavit Manote Sappakittipakorn Phattharachai Pongsopha Gritsada Sua-iam Piti Sukontasukkul |
| author_sort | Apisit Techaphatthanakon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This research addresses the growing demand for high-performance protective materials against high-velocity projectile impacts. The performance of multi-layered steel fiber-reinforced mortar (SFRM) panels with varying thicknesses and air gaps, was experimentally investigated under single and repeated impacts of 7.62×51 mm bullets fired from a distance of 50 m. The impact events were recorded using a high-speed camera at 40000 fps. Panel performance was assessed in terms of failure modes, kinetic energy absorption, spalling diameter, and percentage of back-face damage area, and weight loss. Results showed that panel configuration significantly influenced performance. Panel P10, with 70 mm SFRM thickness and 20 mm air gaps, provided the highest resistance, dissipating 5223 J of kinetic energy and preventing back-face damage. In contrast, P7, which absorbed 4476 J, presented a back damage area percentage of 8.93% after three impacts. Weight loss analysis further confirmed durability improvements, with P10 showing only 1.53% cumulative loss compared to 3.26% in P7. The inclusion of wider air gaps enhanced energy dissipation and reduced damage. Comparison between single and repeated impacts demonstrated the sustained resistance of high-performance panels, with P10 maintaining minimal degradation across three consecutive impacts. These findings highlight the potential of multi-layer SFRM panels to enhance ballistic resistance, making them suitable for military, security, and civilian protective applications requiring long-term durability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7c3e9c3dea344102a8d6bfca8f90e363 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2214-9147 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Defence Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-7c3e9c3dea344102a8d6bfca8f90e3632025-08-20T02:35:22ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Defence Technology2214-91472025-07-014929030610.1016/j.dt.2025.03.012Performance of multi-layer steel fiber-reinforced mortar panels with air gaps against high-velocity bullets and successive firingApisit Techaphatthanakon0Buchit Maho1Sittisak Jamnam2Pochara Kruavit3Manote Sappakittipakorn4Phattharachai Pongsopha5Gritsada Sua-iam6Piti Sukontasukkul7Construction and Building Materials Research center, Department of Civil Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, ThailandDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, 10800, ThailandConstruction and Building Materials Research center, Department of Civil Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand; Corresponding author.Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, ThailandDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, ThailandDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, 10800, ThailandDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Corresponding author.Construction and Building Materials Research center, Department of Civil Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, ThailandThis research addresses the growing demand for high-performance protective materials against high-velocity projectile impacts. The performance of multi-layered steel fiber-reinforced mortar (SFRM) panels with varying thicknesses and air gaps, was experimentally investigated under single and repeated impacts of 7.62×51 mm bullets fired from a distance of 50 m. The impact events were recorded using a high-speed camera at 40000 fps. Panel performance was assessed in terms of failure modes, kinetic energy absorption, spalling diameter, and percentage of back-face damage area, and weight loss. Results showed that panel configuration significantly influenced performance. Panel P10, with 70 mm SFRM thickness and 20 mm air gaps, provided the highest resistance, dissipating 5223 J of kinetic energy and preventing back-face damage. In contrast, P7, which absorbed 4476 J, presented a back damage area percentage of 8.93% after three impacts. Weight loss analysis further confirmed durability improvements, with P10 showing only 1.53% cumulative loss compared to 3.26% in P7. The inclusion of wider air gaps enhanced energy dissipation and reduced damage. Comparison between single and repeated impacts demonstrated the sustained resistance of high-performance panels, with P10 maintaining minimal degradation across three consecutive impacts. These findings highlight the potential of multi-layer SFRM panels to enhance ballistic resistance, making them suitable for military, security, and civilian protective applications requiring long-term durability.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221491472500087XBullet resistanceSteel fiber reinforced mortarMultilayerImpact behaviorFailure mode |
| spellingShingle | Apisit Techaphatthanakon Buchit Maho Sittisak Jamnam Pochara Kruavit Manote Sappakittipakorn Phattharachai Pongsopha Gritsada Sua-iam Piti Sukontasukkul Performance of multi-layer steel fiber-reinforced mortar panels with air gaps against high-velocity bullets and successive firing Defence Technology Bullet resistance Steel fiber reinforced mortar Multilayer Impact behavior Failure mode |
| title | Performance of multi-layer steel fiber-reinforced mortar panels with air gaps against high-velocity bullets and successive firing |
| title_full | Performance of multi-layer steel fiber-reinforced mortar panels with air gaps against high-velocity bullets and successive firing |
| title_fullStr | Performance of multi-layer steel fiber-reinforced mortar panels with air gaps against high-velocity bullets and successive firing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Performance of multi-layer steel fiber-reinforced mortar panels with air gaps against high-velocity bullets and successive firing |
| title_short | Performance of multi-layer steel fiber-reinforced mortar panels with air gaps against high-velocity bullets and successive firing |
| title_sort | performance of multi layer steel fiber reinforced mortar panels with air gaps against high velocity bullets and successive firing |
| topic | Bullet resistance Steel fiber reinforced mortar Multilayer Impact behavior Failure mode |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221491472500087X |
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