Study on the Geographic Traceability and Growth Age of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A. Meyer Base on an Electronic Nose and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy
During ginseng selection, marketing promotion, and sales, it is imperative to expeditiously differentiate the overall quality grades, identify the geographic traces and determine the growth ages. This facilitates the selection of the most appropriate quality grade for each product, thereby ensuring...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/5/176 |
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| author | Jinying Li Jianlei Qiao Chang Liu Zhigang Zhou Cheng Kong Zhiyong Chang Xiaohui Weng Shujun Zhang |
| author_facet | Jinying Li Jianlei Qiao Chang Liu Zhigang Zhou Cheng Kong Zhiyong Chang Xiaohui Weng Shujun Zhang |
| author_sort | Jinying Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | During ginseng selection, marketing promotion, and sales, it is imperative to expeditiously differentiate the overall quality grades, identify the geographic traces and determine the growth ages. This facilitates the selection of the most appropriate quality grade for each product, thereby ensuring the most efficacious marketing strategy. In this study, a new method is proposed and developed for the classification of ginsengs with diverse geographical traceability and with various growth ages by combining an electronic nose (E-nose) system and machine learning with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as a calibration technology. An investigation has been carried out to discover the differences in the secondary metabolites and odor of three types of ginseng with different geographic traceability and three growth ages of ginseng from the same geographic traceability site. In the proposed method, five types of ginseng samples have been successfully tested. The optimal Mean-SVM model combined with an E-nose system classified ginseng samples with different geographic traceability and different growth years with accuracies of 100% and 82% in the training and test sets, respectively. These results have significant implications for ginseng’s geographic traceability, growth age determination, and overall quality control. It is believed that the future implementation of the proposed method would significantly protect the health and economic interests of consumers as well as promoting the use of an E-nose in the market surveillance of consumable products such as ginseng and other foods. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7c3daba335db4993bf0bf06efe68a6b3 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2227-9040 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-7c3daba335db4993bf0bf06efe68a6b32025-08-20T01:56:29ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402025-05-0113517610.3390/chemosensors13050176Study on the Geographic Traceability and Growth Age of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A. Meyer Base on an Electronic Nose and Fourier Infrared SpectroscopyJinying Li0Jianlei Qiao1Chang Liu2Zhigang Zhou3Cheng Kong4Zhiyong Chang5Xiaohui Weng6Shujun Zhang7College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Medical Information, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, ChinaKey Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaKey Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaKey Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaKey Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaDuring ginseng selection, marketing promotion, and sales, it is imperative to expeditiously differentiate the overall quality grades, identify the geographic traces and determine the growth ages. This facilitates the selection of the most appropriate quality grade for each product, thereby ensuring the most efficacious marketing strategy. In this study, a new method is proposed and developed for the classification of ginsengs with diverse geographical traceability and with various growth ages by combining an electronic nose (E-nose) system and machine learning with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as a calibration technology. An investigation has been carried out to discover the differences in the secondary metabolites and odor of three types of ginseng with different geographic traceability and three growth ages of ginseng from the same geographic traceability site. In the proposed method, five types of ginseng samples have been successfully tested. The optimal Mean-SVM model combined with an E-nose system classified ginseng samples with different geographic traceability and different growth years with accuracies of 100% and 82% in the training and test sets, respectively. These results have significant implications for ginseng’s geographic traceability, growth age determination, and overall quality control. It is believed that the future implementation of the proposed method would significantly protect the health and economic interests of consumers as well as promoting the use of an E-nose in the market surveillance of consumable products such as ginseng and other foods.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/5/176ginsengelectronic noseFourier-transform infrared spectroscopygeographic traceabilitygrowth years |
| spellingShingle | Jinying Li Jianlei Qiao Chang Liu Zhigang Zhou Cheng Kong Zhiyong Chang Xiaohui Weng Shujun Zhang Study on the Geographic Traceability and Growth Age of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A. Meyer Base on an Electronic Nose and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy Chemosensors ginseng electronic nose Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy geographic traceability growth years |
| title | Study on the Geographic Traceability and Growth Age of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A. Meyer Base on an Electronic Nose and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy |
| title_full | Study on the Geographic Traceability and Growth Age of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A. Meyer Base on an Electronic Nose and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy |
| title_fullStr | Study on the Geographic Traceability and Growth Age of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A. Meyer Base on an Electronic Nose and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study on the Geographic Traceability and Growth Age of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A. Meyer Base on an Electronic Nose and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy |
| title_short | Study on the Geographic Traceability and Growth Age of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A. Meyer Base on an Electronic Nose and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy |
| title_sort | study on the geographic traceability and growth age of i panax ginseng i c a meyer base on an electronic nose and fourier infrared spectroscopy |
| topic | ginseng electronic nose Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy geographic traceability growth years |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/5/176 |
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