Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends
As aviation is a rapidly growing sector, many actions must be taken to significantly reduce the emission of harmful gases such as CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, HC, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). One accessible solution is the use of drop-in sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), which do not requir...
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2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/11/2696 |
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| author | Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz Remigiusz Jasiński |
| author_facet | Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz Remigiusz Jasiński |
| author_sort | Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz |
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| description | As aviation is a rapidly growing sector, many actions must be taken to significantly reduce the emission of harmful gases such as CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, HC, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). One accessible solution is the use of drop-in sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), which do not require any changes in the engine or infrastructure construction. The aim of this research was to analyze changes in non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions for SAF blends compared to Jet A-1 using a miniature jet engine, as there is still limited research on particulate matter emissions from miniature engines, especially for SAFs. This study focuses on non-volatile particle emissions from HEFA-SPK fuel, with comprehensive analyses of particle number and particulate mass-emission indices, as well as number-based and volume-based particle-size distribution (PSD). The tests were conducted on the miniature GTM 400 engine, which was specially designed for SAF testing. The tested fuels were 30/70%v and 50/50%v blends of HEFA-SPK/Jet A-1, as well as neat Jet A-1 as a reference fuel. The results showed that the use of 50%v HEFA-SPK can reduce non-volatile particulate mass emissions up to 59% at low engine loads, and non-volatile particle number emissions by up to 56% at maximum thrust, compared to Jet A-1. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7bfd6450fea54e3ab1dc4ea3f08de20d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-7bfd6450fea54e3ab1dc4ea3f08de20d2025-08-20T02:23:03ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-05-011811269610.3390/en18112696Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK BlendsPaula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz0Remigiusz Jasiński1Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, PolandFaculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, PolandAs aviation is a rapidly growing sector, many actions must be taken to significantly reduce the emission of harmful gases such as CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, HC, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). One accessible solution is the use of drop-in sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), which do not require any changes in the engine or infrastructure construction. The aim of this research was to analyze changes in non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions for SAF blends compared to Jet A-1 using a miniature jet engine, as there is still limited research on particulate matter emissions from miniature engines, especially for SAFs. This study focuses on non-volatile particle emissions from HEFA-SPK fuel, with comprehensive analyses of particle number and particulate mass-emission indices, as well as number-based and volume-based particle-size distribution (PSD). The tests were conducted on the miniature GTM 400 engine, which was specially designed for SAF testing. The tested fuels were 30/70%v and 50/50%v blends of HEFA-SPK/Jet A-1, as well as neat Jet A-1 as a reference fuel. The results showed that the use of 50%v HEFA-SPK can reduce non-volatile particulate mass emissions up to 59% at low engine loads, and non-volatile particle number emissions by up to 56% at maximum thrust, compared to Jet A-1.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/11/2696sustainable aviation fuelsHEFA-SPKaviationparticulate matterPMparticle emissions |
| spellingShingle | Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz Remigiusz Jasiński Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends Energies sustainable aviation fuels HEFA-SPK aviation particulate matter PM particle emissions |
| title | Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends |
| title_full | Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends |
| title_short | Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends |
| title_sort | characterization of particle emissions from gtm 400 fueled with hefa spk blends |
| topic | sustainable aviation fuels HEFA-SPK aviation particulate matter PM particle emissions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/11/2696 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT paulakurzawskapietrowicz characterizationofparticleemissionsfromgtm400fueledwithhefaspkblends AT remigiuszjasinski characterizationofparticleemissionsfromgtm400fueledwithhefaspkblends |