Selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A to promote plastic recycling
Removal of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is imperative for increasing the recycling rate of hazardous plastic waste. In mechanical recycling, BFRs should be removed without damaging the surrounding polymer matrix, but economically viable processes under mild conditions are still rare. In this s...
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Chemical Engineering Journal Advances |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124001054 |
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| author | Paavo Auvinen Ville H. Nissinen Erno Karjalainen Kirsi Korpijärvi Eerika Olkkonen Krista Grönlund Ilkka Rytöluoto Lauri Kuutti Mika Suvanto Janne Jänis Jarkko J. Saarinen |
| author_facet | Paavo Auvinen Ville H. Nissinen Erno Karjalainen Kirsi Korpijärvi Eerika Olkkonen Krista Grönlund Ilkka Rytöluoto Lauri Kuutti Mika Suvanto Janne Jänis Jarkko J. Saarinen |
| author_sort | Paavo Auvinen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Removal of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is imperative for increasing the recycling rate of hazardous plastic waste. In mechanical recycling, BFRs should be removed without damaging the surrounding polymer matrix, but economically viable processes under mild conditions are still rare. In this study, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) was solvothermally extracted from a compounded high-impact polystyrene (HIPS, 2500 ppm Br) model sample in an autoclave using mixtures of water, isopropanol (IPA) and NaOH as solvents. Removal of total elemental bromine was analyzed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), whereas the removal of TBBPA and other plastic additives was evaluated with direct insertion probe mass spectrometry (DIP-MS). IPA/NaOH extraction provided efficient bromine removal, but it also extracted plenty of other plastic additives, including phenolic stabilizers Irganox 1076 and Cyasorb UV-2908. The inclusion of water in the IPA/NaOH mixture shifted the extraction selectivity towards TBBPA, leaving most of the other additives unaffected. Furthermore, H2O/IPA/NaOH was found to be equally effective in removing TBBPA from the samples with bromine concentrations an order of magnitude higher (25,000 ppm). Yet, larger plastic particle size hindered the extraction efficiency. 1H NMR and size exclusion chromatography confirmed that the HIPS matrix was left unaffected after all the studied extractions. Additionally, DIP-MS was found to be a valuable characterization method for assessing the removal and decomposition of various additives from solid plastic samples with minimal sample preparation. Overall, the results presented herein offer a target-selective extraction processes under relatively mild conditions for further advancing the mechanical recycling of plastics. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7bdc0f7376e740c89c471fef567b654b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2666-8211 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chemical Engineering Journal Advances |
| spelling | doaj-art-7bdc0f7376e740c89c471fef567b654b2025-02-03T04:17:00ZengElsevierChemical Engineering Journal Advances2666-82112025-03-0121100688Selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A to promote plastic recyclingPaavo Auvinen0Ville H. Nissinen1Erno Karjalainen2Kirsi Korpijärvi3Eerika Olkkonen4Krista Grönlund5Ilkka Rytöluoto6Lauri Kuutti7Mika Suvanto8Janne Jänis9Jarkko J. Saarinen10Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, FinlandDepartment of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; Corresponding author.VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, FinlandVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Koivurannantie 1, P.O. Box 1603, FI-40400 Jyväskylä, FinlandDepartment of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, FinlandDepartment of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, FinlandVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, P.O. Box 1300, FI-33101 Tampere, FinlandVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, FinlandDepartment of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, FinlandDepartment of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, FinlandDepartment of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, FinlandRemoval of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is imperative for increasing the recycling rate of hazardous plastic waste. In mechanical recycling, BFRs should be removed without damaging the surrounding polymer matrix, but economically viable processes under mild conditions are still rare. In this study, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) was solvothermally extracted from a compounded high-impact polystyrene (HIPS, 2500 ppm Br) model sample in an autoclave using mixtures of water, isopropanol (IPA) and NaOH as solvents. Removal of total elemental bromine was analyzed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), whereas the removal of TBBPA and other plastic additives was evaluated with direct insertion probe mass spectrometry (DIP-MS). IPA/NaOH extraction provided efficient bromine removal, but it also extracted plenty of other plastic additives, including phenolic stabilizers Irganox 1076 and Cyasorb UV-2908. The inclusion of water in the IPA/NaOH mixture shifted the extraction selectivity towards TBBPA, leaving most of the other additives unaffected. Furthermore, H2O/IPA/NaOH was found to be equally effective in removing TBBPA from the samples with bromine concentrations an order of magnitude higher (25,000 ppm). Yet, larger plastic particle size hindered the extraction efficiency. 1H NMR and size exclusion chromatography confirmed that the HIPS matrix was left unaffected after all the studied extractions. Additionally, DIP-MS was found to be a valuable characterization method for assessing the removal and decomposition of various additives from solid plastic samples with minimal sample preparation. Overall, the results presented herein offer a target-selective extraction processes under relatively mild conditions for further advancing the mechanical recycling of plastics.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124001054Plastic recyclingMechanical recyclingPlastic characterizationAdditive removalBrominated flame retardant |
| spellingShingle | Paavo Auvinen Ville H. Nissinen Erno Karjalainen Kirsi Korpijärvi Eerika Olkkonen Krista Grönlund Ilkka Rytöluoto Lauri Kuutti Mika Suvanto Janne Jänis Jarkko J. Saarinen Selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A to promote plastic recycling Chemical Engineering Journal Advances Plastic recycling Mechanical recycling Plastic characterization Additive removal Brominated flame retardant |
| title | Selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A to promote plastic recycling |
| title_full | Selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A to promote plastic recycling |
| title_fullStr | Selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A to promote plastic recycling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A to promote plastic recycling |
| title_short | Selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A to promote plastic recycling |
| title_sort | selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol a to promote plastic recycling |
| topic | Plastic recycling Mechanical recycling Plastic characterization Additive removal Brominated flame retardant |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124001054 |
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