Revealing Spatiotemporal Urban Activity Patterns: A Machine Learning Study Using Google Popular Times

Extensive scientific evidence underscores the importance of identifying spatiotemporal patterns for investigating urban dynamics. The recent proliferation of location-based social networks (LBSNs) facilitates the measurement of urban rhythms through geotemporal information, providing deeper insights...

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Main Authors: Mikel Barrena-Herrán, Itziar Modrego-Monforte, Olatz Grijalba
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/6/221
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author Mikel Barrena-Herrán
Itziar Modrego-Monforte
Olatz Grijalba
author_facet Mikel Barrena-Herrán
Itziar Modrego-Monforte
Olatz Grijalba
author_sort Mikel Barrena-Herrán
collection DOAJ
description Extensive scientific evidence underscores the importance of identifying spatiotemporal patterns for investigating urban dynamics. The recent proliferation of location-based social networks (LBSNs) facilitates the measurement of urban rhythms through geotemporal information, providing deeper insights into the underlying causes of urban vibrancy. This study presents a methodology for analyzing the spatiotemporal use of cities and identifying occupancy patterns taking into consideration urban form and function. The analysis relies on data obtained from Google Popular Times (GPT), transforming the relative occupancy of a large number of points of interest (POI) classified into five categories, for estimating the number of people aggregated within urban nodes during a typical day. As a result, this research assesses the utility of this data source for evaluating the changing dynamics of a city across both space and time. The methodology employs geographic information system (GIS) tools and artificial intelligence techniques. The results demonstrate that by analyzing geotemporal data, we can classify urban nodes according to their hourly activity patterns. These patterns, in turn, relate to city form and urban activities, showing a certain spatial concentration. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on machine learning (ML) methods for spatiotemporal modeling, laying the groundwork for future studies that can further explore the complexity of urban phenomena.
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spelling doaj-art-7bd388ac747041bfaa11bc17802789e32025-08-20T02:21:12ZengMDPI AGISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information2220-99642025-06-0114622110.3390/ijgi14060221Revealing Spatiotemporal Urban Activity Patterns: A Machine Learning Study Using Google Popular TimesMikel Barrena-Herrán0Itziar Modrego-Monforte1Olatz Grijalba2CAVIAR (Quality of Life in Architecture) Research Group, Department of Architecture, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Oñati 2, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainCAVIAR (Quality of Life in Architecture) Research Group, Department of Architecture, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Oñati 2, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainCAVIAR (Quality of Life in Architecture) Research Group, Department of Architecture, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Oñati 2, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainExtensive scientific evidence underscores the importance of identifying spatiotemporal patterns for investigating urban dynamics. The recent proliferation of location-based social networks (LBSNs) facilitates the measurement of urban rhythms through geotemporal information, providing deeper insights into the underlying causes of urban vibrancy. This study presents a methodology for analyzing the spatiotemporal use of cities and identifying occupancy patterns taking into consideration urban form and function. The analysis relies on data obtained from Google Popular Times (GPT), transforming the relative occupancy of a large number of points of interest (POI) classified into five categories, for estimating the number of people aggregated within urban nodes during a typical day. As a result, this research assesses the utility of this data source for evaluating the changing dynamics of a city across both space and time. The methodology employs geographic information system (GIS) tools and artificial intelligence techniques. The results demonstrate that by analyzing geotemporal data, we can classify urban nodes according to their hourly activity patterns. These patterns, in turn, relate to city form and urban activities, showing a certain spatial concentration. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on machine learning (ML) methods for spatiotemporal modeling, laying the groundwork for future studies that can further explore the complexity of urban phenomena.https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/6/221spatio-temporal analysistime series clusteringurban dynamicslocation-based social networkgeographic information systemstime geography
spellingShingle Mikel Barrena-Herrán
Itziar Modrego-Monforte
Olatz Grijalba
Revealing Spatiotemporal Urban Activity Patterns: A Machine Learning Study Using Google Popular Times
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
spatio-temporal analysis
time series clustering
urban dynamics
location-based social network
geographic information systems
time geography
title Revealing Spatiotemporal Urban Activity Patterns: A Machine Learning Study Using Google Popular Times
title_full Revealing Spatiotemporal Urban Activity Patterns: A Machine Learning Study Using Google Popular Times
title_fullStr Revealing Spatiotemporal Urban Activity Patterns: A Machine Learning Study Using Google Popular Times
title_full_unstemmed Revealing Spatiotemporal Urban Activity Patterns: A Machine Learning Study Using Google Popular Times
title_short Revealing Spatiotemporal Urban Activity Patterns: A Machine Learning Study Using Google Popular Times
title_sort revealing spatiotemporal urban activity patterns a machine learning study using google popular times
topic spatio-temporal analysis
time series clustering
urban dynamics
location-based social network
geographic information systems
time geography
url https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/6/221
work_keys_str_mv AT mikelbarrenaherran revealingspatiotemporalurbanactivitypatternsamachinelearningstudyusinggooglepopulartimes
AT itziarmodregomonforte revealingspatiotemporalurbanactivitypatternsamachinelearningstudyusinggooglepopulartimes
AT olatzgrijalba revealingspatiotemporalurbanactivitypatternsamachinelearningstudyusinggooglepopulartimes