Design of 2D-Scanning Bifocal Metalens Antenna Using ControlNet-Enabled Stable Diffusion Deep Generative Model

Design of 2D-Scanning Bifocal Metalens Antenna Using ControlNet-Enabled Stable Diffusion Deep Generative Model

We present a low-cost, low-profile, high-gain, 2D-scanning bifocal metalens antenna for 5G/6G communication applications. First, we employed the ControlNet-enabled stable diffusion technique to generate a set of low-loss, wide-phase-range pixelated unit cells. Second, we generalized the 1D-scanning...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Cedric W. L. Lee, Peng Khiang Tan, Theng Huat Gan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Access
Subjects:
Antennas
beam-steerable
bifocal
controlnet
metalens
deep learning
Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11062822/
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Summary:We present a low-cost, low-profile, high-gain, 2D-scanning bifocal metalens antenna for 5G/6G communication applications. First, we employed the ControlNet-enabled stable diffusion technique to generate a set of low-loss, wide-phase-range pixelated unit cells. Second, we generalized the 1D-scanning bifocal metalens phase distribution formula for use in 2D-scanning applications. Finally, the ControlNet-enabled stable diffusion generated unit cells are used to synthesize the metalens capable of 2D-scanning using the generalized 2D-scanning bifocal phase distribution formula. The synthesized antenna with diameter (D) of 300 mm, focal length (f) of 150 mm, and an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f/D$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ratio of 0.5 is capable of having a scan beam range up to &#x00B1;23.3&#x00B0; with a scan loss of ~3 dB in both principal cuts. This enhancement in scan loss performance by ~0.6 dB surpasses that of traditional center-fed, single-focus, spherical-wave phase-compensated metalenses and offers performance that is better than other 1D-scanning designs. This is accomplished while upholding a measured high peak aperture efficiency of 44.8% and a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 16.5%. Most importantly, our work is the first to generalize the 1D-scanning bifocal phase distribution formula for use in the design of a 2D-scanning bifocal metalens.
ISSN:2169-3536

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