Experimental research on the feasibility of phosphogypsum-enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) solidified loess
Abstract To improve the effect of bio-cemented loess, taking into account the characteristics of phosphogypsum and the biochemical principle of enzyme-induced calcium precipitation (EICP), a series of mechanical and microscopic tests are designed and carried out to systematically analyze the enhance...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15229-9 |
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| author | Tao Dang Yuanzhu Ji Yuanquan Guo Fangchen Ma Zhiyi Zhang Baozhen Liang Xuewen Rong |
| author_facet | Tao Dang Yuanzhu Ji Yuanquan Guo Fangchen Ma Zhiyi Zhang Baozhen Liang Xuewen Rong |
| author_sort | Tao Dang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract To improve the effect of bio-cemented loess, taking into account the characteristics of phosphogypsum and the biochemical principle of enzyme-induced calcium precipitation (EICP), a series of mechanical and microscopic tests are designed and carried out to systematically analyze the enhancement effect of phosphogypsum enhanced EICP solidified loess and the enhancement mechanism. Concentrations of urea and calcium chloride as variables, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) as an indicator to determine the optimal solution ratio of EICP. Subsequently, different phosphogypsum incorporation ratios were considered to determine the optimal mix proportion for EICP-phosphogypsum co-stabilized loess.The results showed that the addition of phosphogypsum can effectively improve the UCS, water stability, shear strength, and compression characteristics of EICP solidified loess. The phosphogypsum-EICP method has a better effect on improving the strength and water stability of loess with the content of phosphogypsum at 1.0%, compared with the loess treated by EICP, the strength of the specimen with 1.0% phosphogypsum content increased by 19.7%. The microstructure of the solidified loess specimens indicates that the calcium carbonate crystals generated by EICP fill the pores in the loess, thereby reducing its porosity. In addition, phosphogypsum reacts with water to produce hydration, resulting in stronger cementation between calcium carbonate and soil particles. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7bb3acbfe6d3486fa67888f91af9b68d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-7bb3acbfe6d3486fa67888f91af9b68d2025-08-20T04:02:46ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-15229-9Experimental research on the feasibility of phosphogypsum-enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) solidified loessTao Dang0Yuanzhu Ji1Yuanquan Guo2Fangchen Ma3Zhiyi Zhang4Baozhen Liang5Xuewen Rong6School of Highways, Chang’an UniversityCollege of Water Resource and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F UniversityCollege of Water Resource and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F UniversityShaanxi Huashan Road and Bridge Group Co., Ltd.China United Northwest Institute for Engineering Design & Research Co., Ltd.Shaanxi Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd.Shaanxi Huashan Road and Bridge Group Co., Ltd.Abstract To improve the effect of bio-cemented loess, taking into account the characteristics of phosphogypsum and the biochemical principle of enzyme-induced calcium precipitation (EICP), a series of mechanical and microscopic tests are designed and carried out to systematically analyze the enhancement effect of phosphogypsum enhanced EICP solidified loess and the enhancement mechanism. Concentrations of urea and calcium chloride as variables, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) as an indicator to determine the optimal solution ratio of EICP. Subsequently, different phosphogypsum incorporation ratios were considered to determine the optimal mix proportion for EICP-phosphogypsum co-stabilized loess.The results showed that the addition of phosphogypsum can effectively improve the UCS, water stability, shear strength, and compression characteristics of EICP solidified loess. The phosphogypsum-EICP method has a better effect on improving the strength and water stability of loess with the content of phosphogypsum at 1.0%, compared with the loess treated by EICP, the strength of the specimen with 1.0% phosphogypsum content increased by 19.7%. The microstructure of the solidified loess specimens indicates that the calcium carbonate crystals generated by EICP fill the pores in the loess, thereby reducing its porosity. In addition, phosphogypsum reacts with water to produce hydration, resulting in stronger cementation between calcium carbonate and soil particles.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15229-9EICPPhosphogypsumStrengthWater stability |
| spellingShingle | Tao Dang Yuanzhu Ji Yuanquan Guo Fangchen Ma Zhiyi Zhang Baozhen Liang Xuewen Rong Experimental research on the feasibility of phosphogypsum-enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) solidified loess Scientific Reports EICP Phosphogypsum Strength Water stability |
| title | Experimental research on the feasibility of phosphogypsum-enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) solidified loess |
| title_full | Experimental research on the feasibility of phosphogypsum-enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) solidified loess |
| title_fullStr | Experimental research on the feasibility of phosphogypsum-enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) solidified loess |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental research on the feasibility of phosphogypsum-enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) solidified loess |
| title_short | Experimental research on the feasibility of phosphogypsum-enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) solidified loess |
| title_sort | experimental research on the feasibility of phosphogypsum enzyme induced carbonate precipitation eicp solidified loess |
| topic | EICP Phosphogypsum Strength Water stability |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15229-9 |
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